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81.
Ashley M. Groh Cathi Propper Roger Mills-Koonce Ginger A. Moore Susan Calkins Martha Cox 《Child development》2019,90(2):489-505
In a sample of 127 mother–infant dyads, this study examined the predictive significance of mothers' physiological and observed emotional responding within distressing and nondistressing caregiving contexts at 6 months for infant attachment assessed with Fraley and Spieker's (2003) dimensional approach and the categorical approach at 12 months. Findings revealed that a lesser degree of maternal respiratory sinus arrhythmia withdrawal and higher levels of maternal neutral (vs. positive) affect within distressing (vs. nondistressing) caregiving contexts were distinctive antecedents of avoidance versus resistance assessed dimensionally (but not categorically), independent of maternal sensitivity. Discussion focuses on the usefulness of examining mothers' physiological and affective responding, considering the caregiving context, and employing the dimensional approach to attachment in identifying unique antecedents of patterns of attachment insecurity. 相似文献
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Many schools use mental ability test scores as a basis for grouping students and planning their educational needs. The widespread use of these test scores throughout public and private schools demands that test items be unbiased. One way in which tests could be biased, that has not been thoroughly investigated, is the inadvertent use of analytical skill items favoring one perceptual orientation over another. This study investigated analytical skill items on the Otis-Lennon Mental Ability Test for field independent bias. Using as analysis of variance and discriminant analysis, the results indicated that the Otis-Lennon Mental Ability Test was biased in favor of individuals with a field of independent perceptual orientation. 相似文献
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Latent inhibition refers to attenuated responding to a conditioned stimulus (CS) that was repeatedly presented without reinforcement prior
to the CS-unconditioned stimulus (US) pairings. Using water-deprived rats as subjects, we observed that interpolating task-irrelevant
stimulation between the preexposure and conditioning phases of a latent inhibition procedure attenuated latent inhibition
(Experiments 1A, 1B, and 2). Apparently, interpolated stimulation segments the preexposure and conditioning treatments into
two separate experiences, much in the same way that a change of context would. Consistent with this view, the interpolated
stimulation did not disrupt latent inhibition if it was also presented during both preexposure and conditioning (Experiment
3). We view these results as analogous to those of Escobar, Arcediano, and Miller (2003), who suggested that the difficulty
in observing latent inhibition in human adults is related to the segmentation between preexposure and conditioning caused
by the usual interpolation of instructions in preparations with humans. 相似文献
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