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61.
In 2001 the Italian tertiary education system embarked in a broad process of reform. The main novelty brought by the reform was a reduction of the length of study to get a first level degree together with the introduction of a two-years, second level, master degree. This paper aims at studying the effects of the reform in terms of fairness. To this end, we first define fairness criteria following a well developed theory of equality of opportunity, we then discuss existing inequality measures consistent with these criteria, we show their relationship, and adapt them to the educational framework. We finally employ this set of measures to show the evolution of fairness in the access to university in Italy before and after the reform. Although not all fairness measures we estimated show a higher degree of fairness after the reform, the large majority does, suggesting a positive effect of the reform under a vast range of possible definitions of fairness. 相似文献
62.
Paolo Brenni 《Science & Education》2012,21(2):191-226
At the beginning of the nineteenth century, the core of a typical teaching collection was composed by apparatus, which were
very similar to the ones proposed in the eighteenth century by ‘s Gravesande, Nollet, Desaguliers and others lecturer demonstrators
and makers. Since 1820 circa, new didactic instruments were introduced. Most of them concerned the fast developing branches
of physics such as wave optics, electromagnetisms and acoustics. Instrument makers (and many scientists as well) were extremely
prolific in inventing new devices for better demonstrating all the laws of physics and for clearly visualizing all its phenomena.
Therefore, around 1900 all the most important German, French and British makers proposed in their thick catalogues thousands
of didactic apparatus. But were all these instrument really used? Probably not. Many of them were acquired by schools and
universities because they were considered “status symbol” marking the importance and the completeness of a collection. Others
were simply shown as “tri-dimensional” illustrations. For various reasons, during the first decade of the twentieth century
the number of available didactic instruments was drastically reduced. The introduction of student training laboratory, the
increasing cost of labour and of materials after WWI, the needs of a more standardized production, the progresses of physics
not only eliminated from the trade catalogues many of the classical but old fashioned instruments but also stimulated the
use of modular and simpler didactic apparatus. 相似文献
63.
Italian soccer clubs in the first division have individually sold broadcasting rights for their home matches, until new laws imposed pooling and joint-selling those rights through the league and established a mandatory sharing rule to redistribute revenues in order to improve on-the-pitch competitive balance (CB). This article compares the two institutional designs. While reducing revenue inequality, the new regime distorts allocative efficiency and informational rent appropriation, opens up costly ex post renegotiations and antitrust litigations, and does not improve CB. 相似文献
64.
Truccolo I Bianchet K Capello F Russell-Edu W Dal Maso L Colombatti A Ciolfi L Tirelli U De Paoli P 《Health information and libraries journal》2006,23(4):266-274
AIMS: The purpose of this study is to determine the degree of satisfaction of users of the Cancer Information Point section of the Library for Patients (CIP-LP), active since 1998 at the National Cancer Institute of Aviano, Italy. The CIP-LP is based on a skilled intermediary, adequate informative material and a specific location, within the Scientific Library of the Institute. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A survey was developed to assess service functionality and quality from the users' viewpoint. During a 6-month period, a questionnaire was mailed to 194 patients and relatives who previously used the CIP-LP; 113 (58%) were returned and processed. RESULTS: Of the respondents, 91% were pleased with the CIP-LP and 95% would recommend the service to other people. The information obtained contributed to a clearer understanding of the illness and treatment (45% as first answer) and a better control of the situation (33%). Fifty-one per cent evaluated the information received as 'good', 42%'excellent' and 4%'of sufficient quality'. CONCLUSION: This survey shows the appreciation and usefulness in the users' perception of a specific hospital library for cancer patients and their relatives, providing an information service supplementary to doctor-patient communication. 相似文献
65.
66.
Query reformulation mining: models,patterns, and applications 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Paolo Boldi Francesco Bonchi Carlos Castillo Sebastiano Vigna 《Information Retrieval》2011,14(3):257-289
Understanding query reformulation patterns is a key task towards next generation web search engines. If we can do that, then
we can build systems able to understand and possibly predict user intent, providing the needed assistance at the right time,
and thus helping users locate information more effectively and improving their web-search experience. As a step in this direction,
we build a very accurate model for classifying user query reformulations into broad classes (generalization, specialization,
error correction or parallel move), achieving 92% accuracy. We then apply the model to automatically label two very large
query logs sampled from different geographic areas, and containing a total of approximately 17 million query reformulations.
We study the resulting reformulation patterns, matching some results from previous studies performed on smaller manually annotated
datasets, and discovering new interesting reformulation patterns, including connections between reformulation types and topical
categories. We annotate two large query-flow graphs with reformulation type information, and run several graph-characterization
experiments on these graphs, extracting new insights about the relationships between the different query reformulation types.
Finally we study query recommendations based on short random walks on the query-flow graphs. Our experiments show that these
methods can match in precision, and often improve, recommendations based on query-click graphs, without the need of users’
clicks. Our experiments also show that it is important to consider transition-type labels on edges for having recommendations
of good quality. 相似文献
67.
Gardois P Calabrese R Colombi N Deplano A Lingua C Longo F Villanacci MC Miniero R Piga A 《Health information and libraries journal》2011,28(4):273-284
Background: Considerable barriers still prevent paediatricians from successfully using information retrieval technology. Objectives: To verify whether the assistance of biomedical librarians significantly improves the outcomes of searches performed by paediatricians in biomedical databases using real‐life clinical scenarios. Methods: In a controlled trial at a paediatric teaching hospital, nine residents and interns were randomly allocated to an assisted search group and nine to a non‐assisted (control) group. Each participant searched Pub Med and other online sources, performing pre‐determined tasks including the formulation of a clinical question, retrieval and selection of bibliographic records. In the assisted group, participants were supported by a librarian with ≥5 years of experience. The primary outcome was the success of search sessions, scored against a specific assessment tool. Results: The median score of the assisted group was 73.6 points interquartile range (IQR = 13.4) vs. 50.4 (IQR = 17.1) of the control group. The difference between median values in the results was 23.2 points (95% CI 4.8–33.2), in favour of the assisted group (P‐value, Mann–Whitney U test: 0.013). Conclusions: The study has found quantitative evidence of a significant difference in search performance between paediatric residents or interns assisted by a librarian and those searching the literature alone. 相似文献
68.
69.
This paper examines the impact of universities on the technological performance of adjacent firms. We extend existing research by jointly analyzing, and comparing, the effects of education (graduates) and scientific research (publications) activities of universities on firms’ technological performance. Adopting the knowledge production framework, our study is conducted at the level of 101 Italian territorial areas (provinces) and four industries. Overall, fixed-effect panel data models reveal a positive effect of both university graduates and scientific publications on the technological performance of firms. At the same time, considerable industry differences are observed. While the provision of university graduates positively affects firm performance in all industries under study, additional effects for scientific research are only observed in electrical and pharmaceutical industries that are science-intensive and where the scientific knowledge base is changing rapidly over time. The observation that spillovers from academia into the industrial texture of provinces rely on education and research in an industry-specific manner is relevant to the design of appropriate research and innovation policies. 相似文献
70.
Christopher Hertzog Timo von Oertzen Paolo Ghisletta Ulman Lindenberger 《Structural equation modeling》2013,20(4):541-563
We evaluated the statistical power of single-indicator latent growth curve models to detect individual differences in change (variances of latent slopes) as a function of sample size, number of longitudinal measurement occasions, and growth curve reliability. We recommend the 2 degree-of-freedom generalized test assessing loss of fit when both slope-related random effects, the slope variance and intercept-slope covariance, are fixed to 0. Statistical power to detect individual differences in change is low to moderate unless the residual error variance is low, sample size is large, and there are more than four measurement occasions. The generalized test has greater power than a specific test isolating the hypothesis of zero slope variance, except when the true slope variance is close to 0, and has uniformly superior power to a Wald test based on the estimated slope variance. 相似文献