Die Öffnung des Schulsystems: Fakt oder Fiktion?     

Prof. Dr. U. Trautwein  Prof. Dr. F. Baeriswyl  Prof. Dr. O. Lüdtke  Christian Wandeler lic. Phil. 《Zeitschrift für Erziehungswissenschaft》2008,11(4):648-665

Opening up educational paths and especially decoupling educational courses and final school qualifications are seen as important aspects of the modernization of Swiss education. The study presented here investigates to what extent this de-linking actually took place in the case of the Swiss canton Freiburg. 525 pupils from German-speaking schools were observed in their progress from the end of primary school (year 6) to the transfer into the upper secondary level Gymnasium (year 10) or into alternative educational routes. Indeed, almost half of the young people, who went to the Gymnasium, previously studied at a middle-level general secondary school and not the preparatory Progymnasium; a strong indication of decoupling. Furthermore, the study shows that entry into the upper secondary level Gymnasium is still possible for pupils despite weak performance at primary level. Irrespective of the evidence for an opening of the education system, the findings also show that attending a Progymnasium has a significant effect on school biographies. The chance of transferring into the upper secondary level Gymnasium is twice as high for graduates, who attended a Progymnasium, as for comparative pupils, who did not. Additionally, a privileged social background correlates with a high chance of entry into the upper secondary level Gymnasium.  相似文献   

Multiple determinants of transfer of evaluative function after conditioning with free-operant schedules of reinforcement     

Dack C  Reed P  McHugh L 《Learning & behavior》2010,38(4):348-366

The aim of the four present experiments was to explore how different schedules of reinforcement influence schedule-induced behavior, their impact on evaluative ratings given to conditioned stimuli associated with each schedule through evaluative conditioning, and the transfer of these evaluations through derived stimulus networks. Experiment 1 compared two contrasting response reinforcement rules (variable ratio [VR], variable interval [VI]). Experiment 2 varied the response to reinforcement rule between two schedules but equated the outcome to response rate (differential reinforcement of high rate [DRH] vs. VR). Experiment 3 compared molar and molecular aspects of contingencies of reinforcement (tandem VIVR vs. tandem VRVI). Finally, Experiment 4 employed schedules that induced low rates of responding to determine whether, under these circumstances, responses were more sensitive to the molecular aspects of a schedule (differential reinforcement of low rate [DRL] vs. VI). The findings suggest that the transfer of evaluative functions is determined mainly by differences in response rate between the schedules and the molar aspects of the schedules. However, when neither schedule was based on a strong response reinforcement rule, the transfer of evaluative judgments came under the control of the molecular aspects of the schedule.  相似文献   

Effect of required response force on rats’ performance on a VI+ schedule of reinforcement     

Reed P 《Learning & behavior》2006,34(4):379-386

Three experiments were performed to examine the effect of response force on rats’ performance on various schedules of reinforcement. Response force was manipulated by changing the weight of the lever in the operant chamber—a heavy lever for high response force and a light lever for low response force. Using a within-subjects design, Experiment 1 replicated previous findings that rats respond more quickly on variable ratio (VR) than on equivalent variable-interval-plus-linear-feedback (VI+) schedules. Experiment 2 replicated this finding but also showed that the use of a smaller response force abolished the response rate difference between the VR and VI+ schedules. Experiment 3 used a between-subjects design and showed a response rate difference between the VR and VI+ schedules with a high response force but no response rate difference with a low response force. This suggests that under conditions of low force, when the rats’ responding can continue at prolonged high rates, these subjects show little difference in their response rates between VR and VI+ schedules. These data are similar to those found for human subjects.  相似文献   

Wearable devices and healthcare: Data sharing and privacy     

Syagnik Banerjee  Thomas Hemphill  Phil Longstreet 《The Information Society》2018,34(1):49-57

Wearable devices introduce many new capabilities to the delivery of healthcare. But wearables also pose grave privacy risks. Furthermore, information overload gets in the way of informed consent by the patient. To better protect American patients in an increasingly digital world, the U.S. Congress passed the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA). This article examines the adequacy of HIPAA vis-à-vis issues raised by wearable technologies in the Internet of Things environment and identifies policy gaps and factors that drive health data exposure. It presents a 2 × 2 Partnership-Identity Exposure Matrix, illustrates implications in four different contexts, and provides recommendations for improving privacy protection.  相似文献   

Retention period differentially attenuates win–shift/lose–stay relative to win–stay/lose–shift performance in the rat     

Phil Reed 《Learning & behavior》2018,46(1):60-66

Hungry rats were trained in a two-lever conditioning chamber to earn food reinforcement according to either a win–shift/lose–stay or a win–stay/lose–shift contingency. Performance on the two contingencies was similar when there was little delay between the initial, information part of the trial (i.e., win or lose) and the choice portion of the trial (i.e., stay or shift with respect to the lever presented in the information stage). However, when a delay between the information and choice portions of the trial was introduced, subjects experiencing the win–shift/lose–stay contingency performed worse than subjects experiencing the alternative contingency. In particular, the lose–stay rule was differentially negatively impacted relative to the other rules. This result is difficult for ecological or response interference accounts to explain.  相似文献