Learning From Others: The Effects of Agency on Event Memory in Young Children     

Lauren H. Howard  Tracy Riggins  Amanda L. Woodward 《Child development》2020,91(4):1317-1335

Little is known about the influence of social context on children's event memory. Across four studies, we examined whether learning that could occur in the absence of a person was more robust when a person was present. Three-year-old children (N = 125) viewed sequential events that either included or excluded an acting agent. In Experiment 1, children who viewed an agent recalled more than children who did not. Experiments 2a and 2b utilized an eye tracker to demonstrate this effect was not due to differences in attention. Experiment 3 used a combined behavioral and event-related potential paradigm to show that condition effects were present in memory-related components. These converging results indicate a particular role for social knowledge in supporting memory for events.  相似文献   

Board roles in organisations with a dual board system: Empirical evidence from Taiwanese nonprofit sport organisations     

Chien Mu Yeh  Tracy Taylor  Russell Hoye 《Sport Management Review》2009,12(2):91-100

Research on the roles of the board of unitary board systems is well established, while explorations of dual board systems are very limited. We know little about nonprofit sport organisations board roles in countries such as Taiwan that operate with a dual board structure. In consequence, this study explored the roles taken by the board of directors and the board of supervisors in Taiwanese nonprofit sport organisations. Four overarching board of director roles were identified: manage vision and purpose; board duty; human resource and fundraising; and stakeholder focus. For the board of supervisors two primary functions emerged: monitoring results; and board duty and process. The findings of the study extend our understanding of the governance of nonprofit sport organisations and the differences that exist between dual board and single board systems of governance.  相似文献   

Shirt sponsorship by gambling companies in the English and Scottish Premier Leagues: global reach and public health concerns     

Christopher Bunn  Robin Ireland  Jonathan Minton  Daniel Holman  Matthew Philpott  Stephanie Chambers 《Soccer & Society》2019,20(6):824-835

While the nature of gambling practices is contested, a strong evidence base demonstrates that gambling can become a serious disorder and have a range of detrimental effects for individuals, communities and societies. Over the last decade, football in the UK has become visibly entwined with gambling marketing. To explore this apparent trend, we tracked shirt sponsors in both the English and Scottish Premier Leagues since 1992 and found a pronounced increase in the presence of sponsorship by gambling companies. This increase occurred at the same time the Gambling Act 2005, which liberalized rules, was introduced. We argue that current levels of gambling sponsorship in UK football, and the global visibility it provides to gambling brands, is a public health concern that needs to be debated and addressed. We recommend that legislators revisit the relationship between football in the UK and the sponsorship it receives from the gambling industry.  相似文献   

White children's prosocial behavior toward White versus Black peers: The role of children's effortful control and parents' implicit racial attitudes     

Xiaoye Xu  Tracy L. Spinrad  Sonya Xinyue Xiao  Jingyi Xu  Nancy Eisenberg  Deborah J. Laible  Rebecca H. Berger  Gustavo Carlo 《Child development》2023,94(6):1581-1594

White children's effortful control (EC), parents' implicit racial attitudes, and their interaction were examined as predictors of children's prosocial behavior toward White versus Black recipients. Data were collected from 171 White children (55% male, M_age = 7.13 years, SD = 0.92) and their parent in 2017. Prosocial behavior toward White peers was predicted by children's higher EC. When predicting prosocial behavior toward Black peers and prosocial disparity (the difference between White and Black recipients), parents' implicit racial attitudes moderated the relation between children's EC and children's prosocial behavior. Specifically, children's EC was positively associated with prosocial behavior toward Black peers (and negatively related to inequity in prosocial behavior) only when parents exhibited less implicit racial bias.  相似文献   

Three recommended inclusive language guidelines for scholarly publishing: Words matter     

Sabrina J. Ashwell  Patricia K. Baskin  Stacy L. Christiansen  Sara A. DiBari  Annette Flanagin  Tracy Frey  Racquel Jemison  Mia Ricci 《Learned Publishing》2023,36(1):94-99

• Inclusive language will make scholarly publishing more accurate and more respectful, and it has the potential to help authors reach a wider audience.
• JAMA and the JAMA Network journals, the American Chemical Society and the Coalition for Diversity and Inclusion in Scholarly Communications have free guides on inclusive language, formatting and images.
• The guides provide principles and rationale, as well as examples of preferred language, in order to equip people with knowledge to choose the most inclusive words even as terminology preferences change.

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