‘Equal in Uniform’: People with Intellectual Disabilities in Military Service in Israel     

Shirli Werner  Daniel Katz  Ami Ayalon  Joav Merrick  Ariel Tenenbaum 《International Journal of Disability, Development & Education》2018,65(5):569-579

Although many nations advocate for the full inclusion of people with intellectual disabilities in all realms of life, these individuals are nevertheless still frequently excluded. One field of life that has rarely been considered central for inclusion of people with intellectual disabilities is military service. A unique programme was developed that provides an opportunity for people with intellectual disabilities to serve in the military in Israel. The centrality of the military within Israeli society, along with the aims and phases of the project are described, and brief evidence of the impact of the programme is provided.  相似文献   

What's in a Name? Some Reflections on the Sociology of Anonymity   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Gary T. Marx 《The Information Society》1999,15(2):99-112

To paraphrase Mark Twain, reports of either the recent death or coming dominance of anonymity have been greatly exaggerated. This article is a beginning effort to lay out some of the conceptual landscape needed to better understand anonymity and identifiability in contemporary life. I suggest seven types of identity knowledge, involving legal name, location, symbols linked and not linked back to these through intermediaries, distinctive appearance and behavior patterns, social categorization, and certification via knowledge or artifacts. I identify a number of major rationales and contexts for anonymity (free flow of communication, protection, experimentation) and identifiability (e.g., accountability, reciprocity, eligibility) and suggest a principle of truth in the nature of naming , which holds that those who use pseudonyms on the Internet in personal communications have an obligation to indicate they are doing so. I also suggest 13 procedural questions to guide the development and assessment of any internet policy regarding anonymity.  相似文献   

Effects of Classroom Seating Arrangements on Children's question-asking     

Marx  Alexandra  Fuhrer  Urs  Hartig  Terry 《Learning Environments Research》1999,2(3):249-263

This study investigated the relationship between classroom seating arrangements and the question-asking of fourth-graders. Data were collected during 53 lessons spread over 8 weeks. Children were assigned to sit in a semicircle and then in a row-and-column seating arrangement for 2 weeks each. This rotation was repeated. Both children's questions and the teacher's verbal reactions were recorded using an observational system based on Kearsley's question taxonomy. The results showed that children asked more questions in the semicircle than in the row-and-column arrangement, and that the pattern of question characteristics was stable over time. The findings also revealed that, within the row-and-column arrangement, there was an action-zone in which children asked more questions per lesson. The results are interpreted in terms of Steinzor's postulation that social interaction is encouraged when individuals are able to establish face-to-face contact. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.  相似文献   

Is it possible to voluntarily increase hamstring muscle activation during landing from a snow jump in alpine skiing? - a pilot study     

Sebastian Färber  Dieter Heinrich  Inge Werner 《Journal of sports sciences》2019,37(2):180-187

Activation of the hamstrings has been discussed as a measure for reducing strain on the ACL during jump landings in alpine skiing. The current study tested the hypothesis that hamstring and quadriceps activation can be voluntarily increased by the athlete. Specifically, two different instructions – to increase hamstring activation or to increase upper-leg co-contraction – were compared to normal landings. Eight members of the German national and junior national squad in freestyle skiing (age 19.6 ± 3.8 years; weight 66.1 ± 13.2 kg; height 172.2 ± 7.7 cm) performed 12 jump landings on a prepared run, 4 with no specific instruction, 4 with the instruction to generally activate the thigh muscles, and 4 with the instruction to specifically activate the hamstrings. Electromyographic (EMG) signals were recorded on the biceps femoris (BF), semitendinosus (ST), vastus lateralis (VL), rectus femoris (RF) and vastus medialis (VM). EMG activation levels were integrated over three landing phases and analysed with a repeated measures ANOVA. The instruction produced a significant main effect in ST (p = .026), VM (p = .032) and RF (p = .001). Contrary to previous research, the current study suggests that hamstring muscle activation levels can be voluntarily increased during jump landing, particularly in co-activation with its antagonists.  相似文献   

Age-specific response of skeletal muscle extracellular matrix to acute resistance exercise: A pilot study     

Barbara Wessner  Michael Liebensteiner  Werner Nachbauer  Robert Csapo 《European Journal of Sport Science》2019,19(3):354-364

The extracellular matrix (ECM) plays an essential role in the development, growth and repair of skeletal muscles and serves to transmit contractile force. However, its regulation is poorly understood. This study investigates the age-specificity of the effects of acute resistance exercise on ECM gene expression. To this purpose, five young (YM, 23.8?±?2.2 yrs.) and 5 elderly (EM, 66.8?±?4.1 yrs.) men performed one session of unilateral leg press and leg extension exercises. Six hours post-exercise, biopsies were taken from the vastus lateralis muscles of both legs. A PCR array was used to profile the expression of 84 ECM-related genes, of which 6 were validated by qPCR. The PCR array found 9 and 4 ECM-associated genes to be selectively altered (>1.5-fold change) in YM or EM only. Four further genes were upregulated in YM but downregulated in EM. Of the 6 genes validated on individual samples MMP9 expression increased in YM (9.7-fold) and decreased (0.2-fold) in EM. MMP15 was downregulated in EM only (0.6-fold). A significant correlation between leg extension 1 RM and changes in COL7A1 expression (ρ?=?0.71) suggests a potential influence of fitness levels. In conclusion, acute resistance exercise affects ECM gene expression at least partly in an age-specific manner. The altered expression of genes encoding matrix metalloproteinases (MMP3, MMP9, MMP15) highlights the role of remodelling processes in the response to an acute bout of resistance exercise. Larger studies are required to verify the age-associated differences in gene expression profiles and establish their functional implications.  相似文献   

Helsen, Gilis, and Weston (2006) do not err in questioning the optical error hypothesis as the only major account for explaining offside decision-making errors     

Helsen W  Gilis B  Weston M 《Journal of sports sciences》2007,25(9):991-994

Oudejans, Bakker, and Beek (2007) recognize several relevant aspects of offside judgements in association football in the paper by Helsen, Gilis, and Weston (2006). We agree that the existing knowledge base on offside assessment needs to be expanded for two reasons. First, from a theoretical point of view it is important to examine how assistant referees can learn to deal with the limitations of the human visual information processing system. Second, from a practical point of view it is relevant to understand better refereeing performances and to identify potential explanations for incorrect offside decisions that could impact on the final outcome of the game. Oudejans et al. (2007) believe we both misinterpreted the optical error hypothesis and that our data set was unsuited to test it. Below, we react to these comments.  相似文献