Muskuläre Regulation bei ermüdungsinduzierter Vorbelastung im Krafttraining     

Prof. Dr. Hans-Alexander Thorhauer  Sven Michel  Norman Stutzig  Lutz Hoffmann  Falk Werner 《Sportwissenschaft》2010,40(3):182-190

International sport strives for increasing the level of performance in sports. Risks of manipulating the performance are not unusual. At the same time, improvements in science, engineering and data processing offer further opportunities for planning effective, low-risk and year-round training programmes for specific sports. This paper presents new approaches based on the example of techniques for strength training. Selected experimental results highlight the limitations and provide conclusions for the scientific foundation and individualization of high performance training. The approach of “muscle pre-fatigue” is verified in a training study with high jumpers. The statements show how important scientifically controlled analysis is for individual training programmes and what high significance they have for optimizing the training process. These will be essential requirements for a legal improvement of high performance in international sport.  相似文献   

Training of perceptual-cognitive skills in offside decision making   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Catteeuw P  Gilis B  Jaspers A  Wagemans J  Helsen W 《运动与训练心理学杂志》2010,32(6):845-861

This study investigates the effect of two off-field training formats to improve offside decision making. One group trained with video simulations and another with computer animations. Feedback after every offside situation allowed assistant referees to compensate for the consequences of the flash-lag effect and to improve their decision-making accuracy. First, response accuracy improved and flag errors decreased for both training groups implying that training interventions with feedback taught assistant referees to better deal with the flash-lag effect. Second, the results demonstrated no effect of format, although assistant referees rated video simulations higher for fidelity than computer animations. This implies that a cognitive correction to a perceptual effect can be learned also when the format does not correspond closely with the original perceptual situation. Off-field offside decision-making training should be considered as part of training because it is a considerable help to gain more experience and to improve overall decision-making performance.  相似文献   

Errors in judging "offside" in association football: test of the optical error versus the perceptual flash-lag hypothesis     

Helsen W  Gilis B  Weston M 《Journal of sports sciences》2006,24(5):521-528

The objective of this study was to analyse the correctness of the offside judgements of the assistant referees during the final round of the FIFA 2002 World Cup. We also contrasted two hypotheses to explain the errors in judging offside. The optical error hypothesis is based on an incorrect viewing angle, while the flash-lag hypothesis refers to perceptual errors associated with the flash-lag effect (i.e. a moving object is perceived as spatially leading its real position at a discrete instant signalled by a briefly flashed stimulus). Across all 64 matches, 337 offsides were analysed using digital video technology. The error percentage was 26.2%. During the first 15 min match period, there were significantly more errors (38.5%) than during any other 15 min interval. As predicted by the flash-lag effect, we observed many more flag errors (86.6%) than non-flag errors (13.4%). Unlike the predictions of the optical error hypothesis, there was no significant difference between the correct and incorrect decisions in terms of the positioning of the assistant referees relative to the offside line (0.81 and 0.77 m ahead, respectively). To reduce the typical errors in judging offside, alternative ways need to be considered to teach assistant referees to better deal with flash-lag effects.  相似文献   

Activity profile of top-class association football referees in relation to fitness-test performance and match standard   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

Mallo J  Navarro E  Aranda JM  Helsen WF 《Journal of sports sciences》2009,27(1):9-17

The aim of this study was to examine the kinematic activity profiles, cardiovascular responses and physical fitness of top-class football referees (n=11) during the FIFA Confederations Cup 2005. Computerised match-analyses (n=9) were performed with a two-dimensional photogrammetric video system, and the cardiovascular demand imposed on the referees (n=12) was measured using heart rate recordings. Total distance covered was 10,218, s=643 m of which 3531, s=510 m was covered at high intensities (>3.6 m.s(-1)). Both total distance covered (r2=0.59; P=0.02) and high-intensity activities (r2=0.44; P=0.05) were related to the distance covered by the ball in the same match. The referees ran at high speed 37% further (P=0.01) in the actual tournament than during under-17 top-level officiating. After the 5-min interval during which high-speed running peaked, in the following 5 min the performance was reduced by 19% (P=0.01) in relation to the mean of the game. Mean heart rate was 161, s=9 b.min(-1) (86, s=3% of maximal heart rate (HRmax)). Mean heart rate (expressed as percentage of HRmax) was related in part (r2=0.36; P<0.01) to the number of high-intensity activities performed in the same 5-min interval. The results of this study show that: (1) kinematic activity profiles of top-class referees can be influenced by the distance covered by the ball; (2) the amount of high-speed running (>5 m.s(-1)) best describes the physical performance of referees; (3) heart rate recording can be a useful tool to determine the most intense periods of a match and (4) the new fitness tests adopted by FIFA were poor predictors of match activities.  相似文献   

Book reviews     

Walter Werner  Ian Winchester  Robert G. Campbell 《Interchange》1983,15(1):161-167

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„Vom Wettkampfsport zum Gesundheitssport!? Ziele — Vermittlung — Controlling“     

Werner Kuhn 《Sportwissenschaft》2001,31(1):102-104

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Library services to blind and physically handicapped individuals     

Mona M. Werner  Alfred D. Hagle 《Publishing Research Quarterly》1989,5(3):60-65

Since 1931, the National Library Service has been providing a variety of services to the blind and physically handicapped. It annually produces about 2,400 books and seventy magazines in braille, cassette, or disc editions. This article describes the selection and production of materials, as well as the system for providing services. Mona M. Werner is head of the Collection Development Section, and Alfred D. Hagle is the public resources officer for the National Library Service for the Blind and Physically Handicapped at the Library of Congress. Address for correspondence  相似文献   

SELECTION FOR UNIVERSITY STUDIES AND ECONOMIC COMPETITIVITY     

Werner Clement 《Higher Education in Europe》1994,19(3):36-43

Citing statistics from a recent OECD report on education, the author offers some generalizations with regard to the ways in which increasing economic competition will influence the functioning and the course programmes of higher education. Operations will have to become increasingly efficient, and course programmes, increasingly targeted towards the fulfillment of economic goals. Enrollments will have to expand to respond to the demand for highly trained manpower, the technical, economics, and management fields being particularly important. Counselling will play an increasingly crucial role in assuring that students make the best choices and withstand the rigours of what will be a tougher university life. Although European universities and course programmes are converging, a certain variety and the retaining of distinct cultural traditions will also be a source of competitivity.  相似文献   

From birth to latency: behavioral differences in a multiracial group of twins     

E E Werner 《Child development》1973,44(3):438-444

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Are the editors biased?     

Werner G 《Bulletin of the Medical Library Association》1977,65(1):68

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