A Comparison of the Literacy Development Context of United States and Japanese Families     

Olivia N. Saracho  Yoko Shirakawa 《Early Childhood Education Journal》2004,31(4):261-266

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Gender and social class differences in Japanese mothers’ beliefs about children's education and socialisation     

Yoko Yamamoto 《Gender and education》2016,28(1):72-88

Despite increasing rates of university attendance among women, a significant gender gap remains in socialisation and educational processes in Japan. To understand why and how gender-distinctive socialisation processes persist, this study aimed to examine both middle-class and working-class mothers’ beliefs about gender, education, and children's development. Qualitative analyses were conducted on in-depth interviews with 16 Japanese mothers with preschool children who participated in the research study for three years. The meaning of education differed depending on the children's gender and social class context. While there was a social class difference in mothers’ expectations of their daughters’ educational attainment, the majority of women in this study saw their daughters as caregivers of family members in the future. This study also demonstrates the dilemmas and mixed messages in women's narratives in relation to gender norms and the processes of raising their children.  相似文献   

Towards a More Just Educational Policy for Minorities in Japan: The case of Korean ethnic schools     

Yoko Motani 《比较教育学》2002,38(2):225-237

Internationally, the simple assimilation of minority students is gradually being replaced by an emphasis on pluralism and multiculturalism, reflecting increased awareness of the value of cultural diversity. How to allow for cultural diversity, however, remains largely undetermined and controversial in various respects. Japan in particular is experiencing the challenge of cultural diversity, even though the country has often been portrayed as ethnically homogeneous. This paper focuses on the situation of Korean residents, one of several long-time minority groups in Japan, and discusses the significance of Korean ethnic schools in light of socio-historical considerations. Factors affecting the bicultural identity of Korean residents in Japan, and minorities in general, are considered. It is concluded that, although separate schooling for cultural minority students is not usually favoured in western societies, a strong case can be made for recognising the legitimacy of Korean ethnic schools in Japan.  相似文献   

Single-cell attachment and culture method using a photochemical reaction in a closed microfluidic system     

Jang K  Xu Y  Tanaka Y  Sato K  Mawatari K  Konno T  Ishihara K  Kitamori T 《Biomicrofluidics》2010,4(3):32208

Recently, interest in single cell analysis has increased because of its potential for improving our understanding of cellular processes. Single cell operation and attachment is indispensable to realize this task. In this paper, we employed a simple and direct method for single-cell attachment and culture in a closed microchannel. The microchannel surface was modified by applying a nonbiofouling polymer, 2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine (MPC) polymer, and a nitrobenzyl photocleavable linker. Using ultraviolet (UV) light irradiation, the MPC polymer was selectively removed by a photochemical reaction that adjusted the cell adherence inside the microchannel. To obtain the desired single endothelial cell patterning in the microchannel, cell-adhesive regions were controlled by use of round photomasks with diameters of 10, 20, 30, or 50 μm. Single-cell adherence patterns were formed after 12 h of incubation, only when 20 and 30 μm photomasks were used, and the proportions of adherent and nonadherent cells among the entire UV-illuminated areas were 21.3%±0.3% and 7.9%±0.3%, respectively. The frequency of single-cell adherence in the case of the 20 μm photomask was 2.7 times greater than that in the case of the 30 μm photomask. We found that the 20 μm photomask was optimal for the formation of single-cell adherence patterns in the microchannel. This technique can be a powerful tool for analyzing environmental factors like cell-surface and cell-extracellular matrix contact.  相似文献   

Virtual tennis system for optimum exercising based on a user model     

Kazumoto Tanaka 《美中教育评论》2010,7(7):107-113

It is said that improving movement habits is effective way to solve the problem of obesity. However, there are many people who are unable to form a habit of exercising for reasons, such as ＂feeling troublesome to go to the gym＂ and ＂getting sick of exercise at home due to the monotony＂. Previous researches have proposed systems that provide virtual reality environment for enjoying interactive exercising. In this paper, the authors describe a virtual tennis system that can control a game mode to let a user maintain an appropriate exercise load based on an estimation of the user＇s heart rate state. The author has created a Bayesian network model for heart rate state estimation. The probabilities of heart rate states can be calculated by using the model, and then the heart rate state which has the highest probability is selected as an estimation result. The author has evaluated the virtual tennis system experimentally and ascertained the effectiveness of the system to appropriate exercise load maintenance.  相似文献   

Changing schooling,changing shadow: shapes and functions of juku in Japan     

Yoko Yamato  Wei Zhang 《Asia Pacific Journal of Education》2017,37(3):329-343

Private supplementary tutoring became a widespread phenomenon in Japan during the 1960s. Since then, institutions providing tutoring known as juku have provided a wide range of services to supplement mainstream education. During decades of development, the shapes and functions of juku have changed in response to changes in schooling. Government attitudes towards juku have also shifted from rejection to collaboration, partly because juku have become so entrenched in Japanese society and can no longer be excluded from public decision-making processes. Collaboration between schools and juku is becoming increasingly evident in a series of neoliberal policy choices and socio-demographic changes. Patterns underline a government move to mobilize profit-driven juku to serve the public good. The inclusion of juku in public schooling necessitates reconceptualization of the roles of juku in the educational landscape. This article presents a conceptual framework based on an overview of the changing relationships between juku and schooling. It also identifies challenges in the collaboration, and explores implications for future relationships between mainstream and shadow education.  相似文献   

Comparative Education in a Microcosm: Methodological Insights from the International Schools Sector in Hong Kong     

Mark Bray  Yoko Yamato 《International Review of Education/Internationale Zeitschrift für Erziehungswissenschaft/Revue internationale l'éducation》2003,49(1-2):51-73

Many studies in the field of comparative education take national education systems as the basic unit of analysis. The present paper has been conceived within this tradition, but has a different angle of approach. It focuses on 47 international schools in a small territory. Some of the international schools were grouped into larger systems but others were free-standing institutions. The focus of the paper thus lies at an intersection between cross-national and intra-national comparisons. It makes methodological observations on the nature of comparisons that are possible within such a microcosm, and on the conceptual lessons that can be derived from such analysis.  相似文献   

Morphological and biochemical responses of Oryza sativa L. (cultivar MR219) to ion beam irradiation   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Anna Pick Kiong Ling  Ying Chian Ung  Sobri Hussein  Abdul Rahim Harun  Atsushi Tanaka  Hase Yoshihiro 《Journal of Zhejiang University. Science. B》2013,14(12):1132-1143

Objective

Heavy ion beam, which has emerged as a new mutagen in the mutation breeding of crops and ornamental plants, is expected to result in the induction of novel mutations. This study investigates the morphological and biochemical responses of Oryza sativa toward different doses of carbon ion beam irradiation.

Methods

In this study, the dry seeds of O. sativa were irradiated at 0, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100, and 120 Gy, followed by in-vitro germination under controlled conditions. Morphological and biochemical studies were conducted to investigate the morphological and physiological responses of O. sativa towards ion beam irradiation.

Results

The study demonstrated that low doses (10 Gy) of ion beam have a stimulating effect on the height, root length, and fresh weight of the plantlets but not on the number of leaves. Meanwhile, doses higher than 10 Gy caused reductions in all the morphological parameters studied as compared to the control samples. The highest total soluble protein content [(2.11±0.47) mg/g FW] was observed in plantlets irradiated at 20 Gy. All irradiated plantlets were found to have 0.85% to 58.32% higher specific activity of peroxidase as compared to the control samples. The present study also revealed that low doses of ion beam (10 and 20 Gy) had negligible effect on the total chlorophyll content of O. sativa plantlets while 40 Gy had a stimulating effect on the chlorophyll content. Plantlets irradiated between 40 to 120 Gy were shown to be 0.38% to 9.98% higher in total soluble nitrogen content which, however, was not significantly different from the control samples.

Conclusions

Carbon ion beam irradiation administered at low to moderate doses of 10 to 40 Gy may induce O. sativa mutants with superior characteristics.  相似文献   

A Study of Romanization Practice for Japanese Language Titles in OCLC WorldCat Records     

Yoko Kudo 《Cataloging & classification quarterly》2013,51(4):279-302

Consistent romanization practice is one of the biggest challenges in cataloging Japanese materials. This study provides a snapshot of how Japanese is inconsistently or incorrectly romanized in Online Computer Library Center (OCLC) WorldCat records, and analyzes factors that might be causing the romanization problems among the records. Particular focus is placed on the analysis of word division problems that might be affected by different interpretations and applications of the ALA-LC Romanization Tables rules. Results revealed major factors behind the inconsistencies that were associated with the ambiguity and complexity of the word division rules. Solutions and ideas for further studies are suggested.  相似文献   

Molecular design and application of luminescent materials composed of group 13 elements with an aggregation-induced emission property     

Shunichiro Ito  Masayuki Gon  Kazuo Tanaka  Yoshiki Chujo 《国家科学评论(英文版)》2021,8(6)

Complexation of π-conjugated ligands by metal or semimetal ions leads to the enhancement of the planarity and rigidity of π-conjugated systems. Boron, especially, has played a central role in the design of luminescent main-group complexes. However, these complexes still suffer the disadvantage of aggregation-caused quenching as well as typical organic fluorophores. It has recently been reported that some types of boron complexes exhibit the aggregation-induced emission (AIE) property. Moreover, AIE behavior from complexes and organometallic compounds composed of the other group 13 elements, such as aluminum and gallium, has emerged in this decade. These observations greatly encourage us to develop advanced functional materials based on the group 13 elements. Indeed, recent research has demonstrated that these classes of materials are potentially versatile scaffolds for constructing chromic luminophores, efficiently emissive π-conjugated polymers and so on. This review mainly describes AIE-active group 13 complexes with four-coordinate structures and their application as photo-functional materials. Proposed mechanisms of the origins of AIE behavior are briefly discussed.  相似文献