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31.
Alain Boussuges Laurent Mourot Yves Jammes Bruno Melin Jacques Regnard 《Journal of sports sciences》2013,31(6):641-649
Abstract Thermoneutral water immersion increases cardiac preload and changes the neuroendocrine settings of blood volume regulation. The resulting marked diuresis may lead to significant haemodynamic changes after the end of a prolonged water immersion. Ten volunteers underwent 6 h of complete thermoneutral water immersion. Changes in cardiovascular status were assessed 1 h and 16 h after water immersion. Haemodynamic changes were assessed by Doppler echocardiography. Arterial wall distensibility was estimated by pulse wave velocity analysis. One hour after water immersion, mean weight loss was 1.78 kg and urine volume amounted to 1.5 litres. Echocardiographic measurements evidenced a significant decrease in dimensions of the left cardiac chambers and inferior vena cava. The decreased cardiac preload was paralleled by a lower stroke volume and cardiac output. A peripheral vasoconstriction associated with a relative decrease in the lower limb blood flow was evidenced by an increase in carotid-pedal pulse wave velocity and by a decrease in ankle brachial index. Sixteen hours after water immersion, cardiac preload and cardiac output remained below baseline values and peripheral vascular tone was still higher than at baseline. Marked haemodynamic changes had not returned to baseline 16 h after water immersion. There is a need to design fluid-replacement protocols to improve this recovery. 相似文献
32.
Modeling a century of citation distributions 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
The prevalence of uncited papers or of highly cited papers, with respect to the bulk of publications, provides important clues as to the dynamics of scientific research. Using 25 million papers and 600 million references from the Web of Science over the 1900–2006 period, this paper proposes a simple model based on a random selection process to explain the “uncitedness” phenomenon and its decline over the years. We show that the proportion of cited papers is a function of (1) the number of articles available (the competing papers), (2) the number of citing papers and (3) the number of references they contain. Using uncitedness as a departure point, we demonstrate the utility of the stretched-exponential function and a form of the Tsallis q-exponential function to fit complete citation distributions over the 20th century. As opposed to simple power-law fits, for instance, both these approaches are shown to be empirically well-grounded and robust enough to better understand citation dynamics at the aggregate level. On the basis of these models, we provide quantitative evidence and provisional explanations for an important shift in citation practices around 1960. We also propose a revision of the “citation classic” category as a set of articles which is clearly distinguishable from the rest of the field. 相似文献
33.
The authors analyze the role and function of didactics in preservice teacher education as presented in official texts from the ministries of education of Québec and France. They identify the conceptions these texts convey about the ties between didactics and professional education and demonstrate the vulnerable and limited position of didactics in teacher education. In concluding, adopting a comparative approach, they highlight several convergent features of the two systems of teacher education as well as marked differences relating to training in didactics. 相似文献
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The vision of the International Paralympic Committee(IPC) is "To Enable Paralympic Athletes to Achieve Sport-ing Excellence and Inspire and Excite the World" .This ambi-tious vision remains the keystone to the success of the Para-lympic Games and IPC sanc… 相似文献
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Yves Bonlongne 《天津体育学院学报》1993,8(1):15-18
本期刊载法国顾拜旦委员会副主任伊夫·布隆勒(yves Bonlongne)的两篇短文:《顾拜旦与体育教育》和《顾拜旦与“大众体育”》。教育是奥林匹克运动的核心。顾拜旦从青年时代起,就立志“把自己的名字和伟大的教育改革联系在一起”。他曾说过:“古希腊人组织竞赛活动,不仅为了锻炼体格和显示一种廉价的壮观场面,而是为了教育人。”奥林匹克运动和奥运会是为民族和广泛的和平国际主义服务,并促进社会和平、完善的道德和良好的教育。”所以通过体育竞赛来教育青年是他复兴奥运会最根本的宗旨。“一切体育为大众”这一口号首先出自奥林匹克运动创始人之口也鲜为人知。如果我们认真研究《奥林匹克宪章》就不难发现,在基本原则第7条明文规定:“奥林匹克运动的活动是经常的、普遍的。活动的高潮是全世界运动员相聚在一起的盛大节日——奥林匹克运动会”。(根据法文版,与国内翻译出版的译文略有出入。)所以大众体育即我国所推行的群众体育或社会体育是奥林匹克运动的基础。 相似文献
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We present statistical tests for departures from random expectation in spatial memory tasks. We consider two common protocols for spatial memory experiments. In the first one, subjects are allowed to search a fixed number of sites. In the second protocol, subjects are allowed to search until they achieve a fixed number of successes. In either of these protocols, the subjects involved may or may not revisit sites that have been previously searched or exploited. This yields four situations to consider: fixed number of sites searched or fixed number of successes, with or without revisits. We derive analytical expressions for the probability mass functions, expectations, and variances associated with each type of null hypothesis. We present three statistical tests of these hypotheses: the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, the ordinary sign test, and theZ test. We use our results to demonstrate a priori calculation of sample sizes and statistical power and to consider a mixed model of sampling with and without replacement. 相似文献