Comfort,Class and Climate Change: The Rise of Glass in Late Medieval and Early Modern Domestic Architecture     

Daniel Jütte 《Cultural and Social History》2013,10(5):621-641

ABSTRACT

In the modern world, glass windows are considered an indispensable element of the built environment. Throughout premodern times, however, glass was not universally used in European architecture. This article argues that the rise of glass in Western architecture was neither an inevitable nor a linear process, but rather a response to certain social, cultural and environmental factors that gained increasing relevance from the late medieval period onwards. In other words, glass windows are a cultural convention, reflecting some of the wide-ranging and transformative challenges that Europeans faced in the late medieval and early modern period.  相似文献   

Symptoms of common mental disorders and related stressors in Danish professional football and handball     

Özgür Kilic  Haruhito Aoki  Rasmus Haagensen  Claus Jensen  Urban Johnson  Gino M. M. J. Kerkhoffs 《European Journal of Sport Science》2017,17(10):1328-1334

The aim of the study was twofold, namely (i) to determine the prevalence of symptoms of common mental disorders (CMDs) among current and retired professional football and handball players and (ii) to explore the relationship of psychosocial stressors with the outcome measures under study. A total of 1155 players were enrolled in an observational study based on a cross-sectional design. Questionnaires based on validated scales were set up and distributed among current and retired professional football and handball players by the Danish football and handball players’ union. In professional football, the highest prevalence (4 weeks) of symptoms of CMDs was 18% and 19% for anxiety/depression among current and retired players, respectively. In professional handball, the highest prevalence (4 weeks) of symptoms of CMDs was 26% and 16% for anxiety/depression among current and retired players, respectively. For both the current and retired professional football and handball players, a higher number of severe injuries and recent adverse life events (LE) were related to the presence of symptoms of CMD. Players exposed to severe injuries and/or recent adverse LE were 20–50% times more likely to report symptoms of CMD. The results suggest that it is possible to recognize the population of professional athletes that are more likely to develop symptoms of CMD. This could create the opportunity to intervene preventively on athletes that suffered from severe injury and/or recent adverse LE that could lead to a faster and safer recovery and psychological readiness to return to play.  相似文献   

The chaotic late Qing and early Republican periods     

Mizoguchi Yūzō 《Inter-Asia Cultural Studies》2016,17(4):574-605

This article excavates some of the core intellectual elements underlying the Xinhai Revolution of 1911 and their historical genealogies. Rather than focusing on the modern nature of the revolution, Mizoguchi locates the revolution within the context of traditional Chinese culture and thought. A central focus of the article is the notion of “self-governance” (zizhi), which played a central role in determining the shape the revolution was to ultimately take. It analyzes the social thought of key figures of the Qing period, showing how in modified guise, core Confucian ethical concepts such as the dichotomy between the private (si) and public (gong) as well as utopian concepts such as datong (great harmony) determined the deep structure of revolutionary thought at the end of the Qing and into the Republican and Communist periods.  相似文献   

The dynamic control ratio at the equilibrium point (DCRe): introducing relative and absolute reliability scores     

Tobias Alt  Axel J. Knicker  Heiko K. Strüder 《Journal of sports sciences》2017,35(7):688-693

Analytical methods to assess thigh muscle balance need to provide reliable data to allow meaningful interpretation. However, reproducibility of the dynamic control ratio at the equilibrium point has not been evaluated yet. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare relative and absolute reliability indices of its angle and moment values with conventional and functional hamstring–quadriceps ratios. Furthermore, effects of familiarisation and angular velocity on reproducibility were analysed. A number of 33 male volunteers participated in 3 identical test sessions. Peak moments (PMs) were determined unilaterally during maximum concentric and eccentric knee flexion (prone) and extension (supine position) at 0.53, 1.57 and 2.62 rad · s^–1. A repeated measure, ANOVA, confirmed systematic bias. Intra-class correlation coefficients and standard errors of measurement indicated relative and absolute reliability. Correlation coefficients were averaged over respective factors and tested for significant differences. All balance scores showed comparable low-to-moderate relative (<0.8–0.9) and good absolute reliability (<10%). Relative reproducibility of dynamic control equilibrium parameters augmented with increasing angular velocity, but not with familiarisation. At 2.62 rad · s^–1, high (moment: 0.906) to moderate (angle: 0.833) relative reliability scores with accordingly high absolute indices (4.9% and 6.4%) became apparent. Thus, the dynamic control equilibrium is an equivalent method for the reliable assessment of thigh muscle balance.  相似文献   

Arms control for armed uninhabited vehicles: an ethical issue     

Jürgen Altmann 《Ethics and Information Technology》2013,15(2):137-152

Arming uninhabited vehicles (UVs) is an increasing trend. Widespread deployment can bring dangers for arms-control agreements and international humanitarian law (IHL). Armed UVs can destabilise the situation between potential opponents. Smaller systems can be used for terrorism. Using a systematic definition existing international regulation of armed UVs in the fields of arms control, export control and transparency measures is reviewed; these partly include armed UVs, but leave large gaps. For preventive arms control a general prohibition of armed UVs would be best. If that is unattainable, several measures should be taken. An explicit prohibition of autonomous attack, that is without a human decision, should be added to IHL. Concerning armed UVs remotely controlled by a human soldier, recommendations differ according to type or mission. New kinds of uninhabited nuclear-weapon carriers should be banned. Space weapons should be prohibited in general. UVs smaller than 0.2–0.5 m should be banned. Bigger remotely controlled armed UVs not equipped with weapons of mass destruction should be subject to numerical limitations in various categories. For these the Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe is an important precedent.  相似文献   

Schüleraktivitäten beim selbstorganisierten Lernen und deren Auswirkungen auf den Lernerfolg     

Jürgen?SeifriedEmail author 《Zeitschrift für Erziehungswissenschaft》2004,7(4):569-584

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Understanding Sport Organizations     

Trevor Slack  Günther Lüschen 《Sportwissenschaft》1998,28(1):98-99

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Sportökonomik: mehr Effizienz und Beratung für den Sport     

Martin-Peter Büch 《Sportwissenschaft》1998,28(3-4):431-434

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Entwicklung gro?er Systeme mit generischen Methoden – Eine übersicht über den Sonderforschungsbereich 501     

J. Avenhaus  R. Gotzhein  T. H?rder  L. Litz  K. Madlener  J. Nehmer  M. Richter  N. Ritter  D. Rombach  B. Schürmann und G. Zimmermann 《Informatik - Forschung und Entwicklung》1998,13(4):227-234

Ohne Zusammenfassung  相似文献   

Objektorientierter Entwurf eines flexiblen Workflow-Management-Systems     

Mathias Weske  Jens Hündling  Dominik Kuropka und Hilmar Schuschel 《Informatik - Forschung und Entwicklung》1998,13(4):179-195

Zusammenfassung.   Dieser Beitrag enth?lt die wesentlichen konzeptionellen überlegungen zur Entwicklung eines flexiblen Workflow-Management-Systems. Ausgehend von einer Diskussion m?glicher Modellierungsalternativen wird unter Verwendung objektorientierter Modellierungstechniken ein Workflow-Meta-Schema entwickelt, das die relevanten Entit?ten klassifiziert und ihre Beziehungen abbildet. Anhand eines Beispiels werden die getroffenen Entwurfentscheidungen ausführlich begründet. Schlie?lich werden Zust?nde und Zustandsüberg?nge von Workflow-Instanzen beschrieben, und es wird diskutiert, wie dynamische Ver?nderungen von Workflows zur Laufzeit durchgeführt werden k?nnen, um laufende Workflows dynamisch an ver?nderte Umweltbedingungen anzupassen. Eingegangen am 20. Dezember 1997 / Angenommen am 24. Juli 1998  相似文献