The ‘automatic’ use of context in children's reading     

Linda Pring  Maggie Snowling 《Reading and writing》1989,1(1):53-60

The present investigation examined developmental changes in the automatic use of context in single word recognition. A modified Stroop procedure was used in which children were asked to name the color of the ink of target words. The target was preceded either by a semantically related or by an unrelated word. Results suggested that, in contrast to attentional context effects (Pring and Snowling 1986), the older readers showed significantly more influence from the semantic context than the younger, less-proficient readers. The results are discussed with reference to the connections between a novice reading system and a child's rapidly growing semantic memory system.  相似文献   

Correlates of Reading Fluency in Arabic: Diglossic and Orthographic Factors     

Elinor?Saiegh-HaddadEmail author 《Reading and writing》2005,18(6):559-582

Arabic native speaking children are born into a unique linguistic context called diglossia (Ferguson, word, 14, 47–56, [1959]). In this context, children grow up speaking a Spoken Arabic Vernacular (SAV), which is an exclusively spoken language, but later learn to read another linguistically related form, Modern Standard Arabic (MSA). Forty-two first-grade Arabic native speaking children were given five measures of basic reading processes: two cognitive (rapid automatized naming and short-term working memory), two phonological (phoneme discrimination and phoneme isolation), and one orthographic (letter recoding speed). In addition, the study produced independent measures of phonological processing for MSA phonemes (phonemes that are not within the spoken vernacular of children) and SAV phonemes (phonemes that are familiar to children from their oral vernacular). The relevance of these skills to MSA pseudoword reading fluency (words correct per minute) in vowelized Arabic was tested. The results showed that all predictor measures, except phoneme discrimination, correlated with pseudoword reading fluency. Although phonological processing (phoneme isolation and discrimination) for MSA phonemes was more challenging than that for SAV phonemes, phonological skills were not found to affect reading fluency directly. Stepwise regression analysis showed that the strongest predictor of reading fluency in vowelized Arabic was letter recoding speed. Letter recoding speed was predicted by memory, rapid naming, and phoneme isolation. The results are discussed in light of Arabic diglossia and the shallow orthography of vowelized Arabic.  相似文献   

Age of acquisition and the completeness of phonological representations     

Mobaghan  Josephine  Ellis  Andrew W. 《Reading and writing》2002,15(7-8):759-788

The age of acquisition effect(faster recognition and production of earlierlearnt than later learnt words) is a robustfinding in both picture naming and written wordrecognition and naming. One possibleexplanation of this effect is the PhonologicalCompleteness Hypothesis of Brown and Watson[(1987) Memory & Cognition 15: 208–216], which proposes that early acquired wordsare recognised and produced faster than lateacquired words because they have lessfragmented phonological representations. Thoughoften cited, this hypothesis has never beentested experimentally. The present study setout to test this hypothesis using aphonological segmentation task. If earlyacquired words are stored in a more completeform, then adult participants should be slowerto segment early words than late acquiredwords. In addition, if the AoA effect is aconsequence of the quality of an individual'sphonological representations then there shouldbe a clear relationship between phonologicalskill (as measured by the phonologicalsegmentation task) and the magnitude of the AoAeffect size. In order to assess therelationships between phonological skill andthe AoA effect in adults, participants werealso given a word and nonword naming task. Theword naming task manipulated AoA andspelling-sound consistency. The results of thesegmentation task failed to provide any supportfor Brown and Watson's (1987) phonologicalcompleteness hypothesis. Phonological skill wasfound to predict the size of the AoA effect inthe word naming task, but not the size of theAoA effect in the segmentation task.  相似文献   

“腾格里”探原     

阿尔丁夫 《内蒙古大学学报(人文社会科学版)》2005,37(3):10-16

“腾格里”一词兼有“天”和“天神”双重含义。作为“天”，最早绝非指“天空”或“天穹”，而是指凡颠之称和凡颠上空或上方之称。在凡颠和凡颠上空或上方，也即“天”上，最引人注目且与人类关系最为密切的是什么天体呢?毫无疑问，是日月星辰。在日月星辰中，太阳、月亮占据着无与伦比的显赫地位。所以，蒙古语族远古先民所崇拜的“腾格里”，最初指的便是太阳和月亮这两个有生命有人格的天体；太阳、月亮这两个有生命有人格的天体便是蒙古语族远古先民所崇拜的“腾格里”。当然，这一结论并不是最后的。  相似文献   

The effect of phonological analysis training on naming performance     

Hyla Rubin  Terry Rotella  Lisa Schwartz  Susan Bernstein 《Reading and writing》1991,3(1):1-10

Children who are poor readers have difficulty naming pictured objects. Previous research has shown that while poor readers have the same amount of tacit phonological knowledge about words they cannot retrieve as good readers, they cannot use this initial phoneme and rhyme information to produce these words. In this study, thirdgrade good and poor readers participated in a training session to explicitly teach them how to manipulate the phonological structure of words as a means of facilitating naming ability. Both groups benefited from training, even though the good readers performed consistently better than poor readers. It is suggested that with more extensive training, poor readers may learn to use their tacit phonological knowledge of words they have difficulty retrieving spontaneously, by generating and using their own phonemic and rhyme cues independently.  相似文献   

试论钧瓷命名的理念和方法     

李向平 《许昌学院学报》2012,31(4):27-31

钧瓷在世界陶瓷史上享有独特而崇高的地位,体现着中国人"天人合一"的精神理念。钧瓷命名是以中国传统文化为依据,以艺术审美为手段,以哲学的、宗教的、艺术的语言为载体,将其文化内涵恰当地表示出来,这既是钧瓷营销之必需,又有引领人们发现美、享受美的作用。在多元化的社会背景下,钧瓷的命名不但要求造成产品之间的区别,而且还要凸显其亮点,产生"画龙点睛"、"点石成金"之功效,使人们产生美好的联想,寄予微妙的情趣,获得审美的愉悦。钧瓷命名的理念、方法和技巧体现在钧瓷企业、品牌及产品的命名上。  相似文献   

周代冠礼中取“字”仪节的文化意义   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

马金亮 《哈尔滨学院学报》2012,33(9):111-115

周代是中国礼乐文明的奠基和勃兴时期,冠礼因为“礼之始”,而被当时士大夫阶层以上社会群体普遍重视,成为重要的社会制度和人生礼仪.作为成人礼的冠礼,实际上是一种“过渡礼仪”,而取“字”仪节也正体现了明显的过渡和象征含义,象征冠者被聚合入贵族群体和身份角色的转换,从此他们进入成人行列,开始享有权利并承担义务.  相似文献   

“性工作者”命名说略     

段益民 《广东技术师范学院学报》2012,(7):78-80,141

"性工作者"的命名在格式组合、语义特征、语用价值等方面都有一定的特点,其命名具有语言学和社会学的双重成因,因而对研究社会语言学的表述方式具有一定的认知意义。  相似文献   

The translucent cadaver: A follow‐up study to gauge the efficacy of implementing changes suggested by students     

Sanet Henriët Kotzé  Natasha Darné Driescher  Calvin Gerald Mole 《Anatomical sciences education》2013,6(6):433-439

In a study conducted in 2011, the use of full body digital X‐ray images (Lodox^® Statscan^®) and drawings were described for surface anatomy education during which suggestions were made by students on how to improve the method. Educational innovations should continuously be adjusted and improved to provide the best possible scenario for student learning. This study, therefore, reports on the efficacy of implementing some of these suggestions. Suggestions incorporated into the follow‐up study included: (1) The inclusion of eight strategically placed labeled digital X‐ray images to the dissection halls, (2) The placement of both labeled and unlabeled digital X‐ray images online, (3) The inclusion of informal oral questions on surface anatomy during dissection, (4) The requirement of students to submit individual drawings in addition to group drawings into their portfolios, and (5) Integrating information on how to recognize anatomical structures on X‐rays into gross anatomy lectures given prior to dissection. Students were requested to complete an anonymous questionnaire. The results of the drawings, tests and questionnaires were compared to the results from the 2011 cohort. During 2012, an increased usage of the digital X‐rays and an increase in practical test marks in three out of the four modules (statistically significant only in the cardiovascular module) were reported. More students from the 2012 cohort believed the images enhanced their experience of learning surface anatomy and that its use should be continued in future. The suggested changes, therefore, had a positive effect on surface anatomy education. Anat Sci Educ 6: 433–439. © 2013 American Association of Anatomists.  相似文献   

Using the RFP Process to Select a Serials Vendor:     

《期刊图书馆员》2013,64(3-4):325-329

In this workshop, two librarians and a vendor described, and discussed the Request for Proposal (RFP) process to serials acquisitions librarians and vendor representatives. The format of the workshop followed the process of an actual RFP, beginning with the planning stage, the drafting of the request document, the submission to sources, the receipt by the solicited vendors, the preparation of a response, the evaluation, and the actual award. The central theme of the workshop was the contrast between the formal Request for Proposal (RFP) and the informal RFP. The formal RFP is usually mandated by law or by institutional regulations and always involves a Purchasing Department or Contracting Office outside the library. The informal RFP is not required by institutional or governmental regulations and is administered totally within the library.  相似文献