全球主要经济体企业科技创新版图分析及启示——中国企业加强基础研究是建设创新型国家的必然选择          下载免费PDF全文

李敏  张先恩  刘云 《中国科学院院刊》2022,37(9):1270-1280

企业创新能力是科技强国的重要体现,而基础研究是科技创新的源泉。基础研究的执行主体无疑是高校和国家科研机构,而企业在基础研究活动中扮演什么角色？一直以来存在不同观点。文章立足宏观,首先对基础研究的内涵进行探讨,明确企业基础研究的应用导向属性;然后从基础研究投入、科研论文、《专利合作条约》（PCT）专利、国家竞争力指标等多个维度分析全球主要经济体企业的表现,由此构建全球主要经济体企业创新版图。通过分析比较,文章发现：（1）发达经济体的企业重视基础研究,形成大量持续创新型的百年老店;（2）改革开放以来的40多年,中国企业创新能力整体上取得巨大进步,但基础研究是短板,这是历史发展阶段所决定的。由此,文章认为,当前中国已经进入高质量发展阶段,中国企业通过合适的方式围绕行业发展未来实质性地加强基础研究,既是企业增强自身竞争力的需求,也是建设创新型国家不可或缺的。文章最后讨论了中国企业开展基础研究的若干方式。  相似文献   

德国“人与生物圈计划”国际化战略及对中国的启示          下载免费PDF全文

先义杰  庄岩  韩群力  王丁 《中国科学院院刊》2022,37(9):1320-1327

自20世纪90年代中期起,德国将联合国教科文组织的“人与生物圈计划”（ MAB）及其主要抓手——生物圈保护区作为一条参与全球治理的途径。德国的举措包括：阐明该国有关MAB国际化的立场,即着重发展伙伴关系、强调对外发展援助具有实效性,以及确保行动路线清晰并具有可操作性;建立联邦多机构协同机制,集聚外交、财政、智力和技术等资源支持他国生物圈保护区的发展;面向全球,尤其是优先关注非洲。德国的案例显示,该国利用MAB参与全球治理的动力来自MAB自身所具有的机制上的灵活性,以及MAB核心使命符合并便于统筹该国及国际社会的共同利益。基于德国的经验,同时考虑中国当前在国际合作领域面临的挑战和机遇,建议中国有关部门：深入认识MAB在品牌、议题和机制上的优势;将MAB纳入国家对外发展战略和行动计划,并动员国家多部门的力量,尤其是协调相关政府部门与中国科学院共同领导中国MAB国际化事业,并积极促成涵盖政策制定者、科学研究者、金融提供者和民生服务者等多方力量支撑机制的形成;充分发挥MAB在中国长期发展中积累的科技优势的示范和引领作用;深化中德两国在MAB领域面向未来的国际合作。从长远上来看,中国MAB的国际化战略宜以生态文明和人类命运共同体理念帮助凝聚全球共识,并借助MAB这一广泛且具有灵活性的平台加强南北合作及南南合作,为可持续发展等全球治理共性议题作出贡献;而且在中国当前面临的充满巨大挑战的国际环境下,还可通过加强面向欧洲等区域的合作,协助打开中国国际合作新局面,进一步支撑国家整体外交。  相似文献   

江苏深入推进创新国际化路径研究     

韩子睿  魏晶 《科技管理研究》2022,(19)

对创新国际化的定义与特征进行研究性界定,以江苏为例,阐释全球科技创新新趋势新变化对创新国际化的主要影响,通过对标剖析江苏薄弱环节和借鉴先进地区经验,研究深入推进创新国际化的路径举措,提出以增强自主创新能力为根本、以国际科技合作平台为支撑、以强化知识产权保护为重点、以机制和政策创新为突破口等建议,更积极应对国际格局变化对科技创新的影响,更精准汇聚全球创新力量和要素,为我国在复杂严峻国际形势中迈出更加坚实开放创新步伐、加快建设世界科技强国率先探索路径。  相似文献   

各国参与全球价值链的环境库兹涅茨效应——基于跨国面板数据     

赖晓瑾  唐一丁  祝树金 《资源科学》2022,44(8):1630-1644

随着经济全球化概念越来越深刻地体现在国际分工专业化和经济增长模式中,全球价值链（GVC）的深化将如何影响环境这一问题引发了越来越多的思考。本文立足于GVC的视角,利用1995—2018年64个国家的面板数据,依托环境库兹涅茨曲线（EKC）理论体系,探究了参与GVC对于环境污染和经济增长关联性的影响,分析各国参与GVC是否会影响EKC的“拐点”。研究结论表明：①GVC参与度的提高将显著延后EKC“拐点”的到来,这一“延后”主要源于后向GVC分工的驱动,而前向GVC分工的提升将有助于EKC“拐点”的提前。②参与GVC对EKC“拐点”的影响存在国家异质性,环境规制严格的国家参与GVC将助其更早迎来“拐点”,实现经济发展意义上的碳达峰;而规制宽松的国家参与GVC则可能沦为“污染天堂”。③GVC参与度对EKC“拐点”的影响存在行业异质性,其中技术密集型行业前向GVC参与度的提升将有效推动EKC“拐点”提前到来。④GVC参与度与CO₂之间存在倒U型的非线性关系。本文的发现丰富了全球价值链在经济和环境效应方面的实证应用,为协调经济高质量发展与生态环境约束提供了新思路。  相似文献   

The role of Representative Councils for Learners in South African schools: Maximal or minimal participation?     

《Africa Education Review》2013,10(2):189-204

Abstract

In 1999 the South African Department of Education issued guides for the Representative Councils for Learners established in terms of the South African Schools Act, 1996 (Act 84 of 1996). This article examines the usefulness of these guides in promoting democracy and education for citizenship in South African schools. The guides are located in the context of theories of participatory democracy, representation, and education for citizenship, and of the democratic strengths of the People's Education Movement of the 1980s. In this context, it is argued that the main tendency of the guides is to undermine democratic participation, and that their favoured conception of education for citizenship is minimalist. The article emphasises the need for a more maximalist approach to citizenship education, and for more scope for participatory democracy in schools.  相似文献   

Connecting with different audiences: The anatomy of communication is essential     

Darrell J.R. Evans 《Anatomical sciences education》2013,6(2):134-137

In the twenty‐first century, communication has become truly global. Advances in technology have opened up a host of ways in which we are able to communicate to retrieve or pass on information and knowledge. In many cases we have moved from a place‐based communication approach to one of increasing mobility. With this shift in approach, it is apparent that effective communication skills are perhaps even more important so that we can connect appropriately with diverse audiences. Despite this, relatively little attention has been paid to training our students in different modes of communication and therefore we may not be fully preparing our students to play their part in the global community. Given anatomy's place within many health‐care curricula, an ideal avenue is available for anatomists to take the lead in providing communications skills training for students. There are a variety of approaches, some of which are outlined in this article, which can be used to create appropriate opportunities for developing different communication skills and these can be woven into existing practices to ensure courses do not become overburdened. A sustained approach to communication skills training will help equip our students to communicate easily with the many aspects of modern society. Anat Sci Educ 6: 134–137. © 2012 American Association of Anatomists.  相似文献   

Academic Research Journals in Medical Sociology,Medical Anthropology,and Contemporary Social Medicine: A Focus on Public and Global Health     

Spencer Acadia 《Behavioral & Social Sciences Librarian》2013,32(1):39-75

A bibliography of 31 academic journals in medical sociology, medical anthropology, and contemporary social medicine with a focus on public and global health is provided. Along with basic identifying information, the bibliometric measures of Eigenfactor, Article Influence Score, SCImago Journal Rank, and H-index have been specified for each journal when available. Brief annotations along with both Library of Congress and medical subject headings are supplied. Though some limitations are acknowledged, this bibliography serves as a valuable tool for locating and selecting a wide range of periodical scholarship devoted to the social and cultural features of health and medicine.  相似文献   

Going Global: Providing Library Resources and Services to International Sites     

Zhonghong Wang  Paul Tremblay 《图书馆管理杂志》2013,53(1-2):171-185

ABSTRACT

The Brooklyn campus library of Long Island University (LIU) seized the opportunity to take a proactive approach to providing library resources and services to the university's Global College community. An active link connecting the library, Global College headquarters, and international sites has been created. After carefully evaluating the needs of faculty and students across the globe, the authors recount how the library supports the teaching and learning activities of this unique user group. This article describes the LIU Brooklyn campus library's efforts to promote and implement customized resources and services to users on different continents.  相似文献   

Affordances and Constraints of Using the Socio-Political Debate for Authentic Summative Assessment     

Jens Anker-Hansen  Maria Andrée 《International Journal of Science Education》2013,35(15):2577-2596

This article reports from an empirical study on the affordances and constraints for using staged socio-political debates for authentic summative assessment of scientific literacy. The article focuses on conditions for student participation and what purposes emerge in student interaction in a socio-political debate. As part of the research project, a socio-political debate was designed for assessing student competences of scientific literacy in classroom practices. The debate centred on a fictive case about a lake where a decline in the yield of fish had been established. The students were assigned the task of participating in the debate from appointed roles as different stakeholders. Data were collected with video recordings of the enacted student debates. Student participation was analysed with the theoretical framework of communities of practice. The results show that multiple conflicting purposes of the socio-political debate as an assessment task emerged. The emergent purposes were (1) putting scientific knowledge on display versus staying true to one's role, (2) putting scientific knowledge on display versus expressing social responsibility, (3) putting scientific knowledge on display versus winning the debate, and (4) using sources tactically versus using sources critically. As these purposes emerged in classroom practice, tensions between different ways of enacting participation in the debates became manifest. Based on these findings, this article discusses the affordances and constraints for using a socio-political debate for classroom-based assessment of scientific literacy and argumentation in terms of validity, reliability and affordability.  相似文献   

The implementation of ‘Education for Citizenship’ in schools in Scotland: a research report     

Elaine M. Cowan  David C. McMurtry 《Curriculum Journal》2013,24(1):61-72

Changes in society and government have increased concerns of low participation and involvement by people, especially the young, in the political process and decision-making. As a result, citizenship has become a focus of recent curriculum developments in many countries. In Scotland, ‘Values and Citizenship’ has been made one of the Scottish Executive's national priorities for education and is linked to the major national initiative, ‘Education for Citizenship’. This is seen as encouraging pupils to make informed choices and decisions and to take action, individually and as part of the community. More recently, A curriculum for excellence 3–18 (SEED 2004 Shucksmith, J. and Spratt, J. 2001. Education for citizenship in Scotland: An analysis of responses to the consultation paper, Aberdeen: University of Aberdeen.  [Google Scholar]) placed promoting responsible citizenship at the heart of the curriculum. This article reports on the extent to which a sample of Scottish schools was making progress towards developing education for citizenship, the strategies they developed and the barriers encountered in this implementation. It compares progress and developments in Scotland to the model devised in a longitudinal study for citizenship in England (Ireland et al. 2004 Ireland, E. and Kerr, D. 2004. Making citizenship education real: Learning from current approaches in schools. Teaching Citizenship, 9: 20–25.  [Google Scholar], 2006 Ireland, E., Kerr, D., Lopes, J., Nelson, J. and Cleaver, E. 2006. Active citizenship and young people: Opportunities, experiences and challenges in and beyond school, London: DfES.  [Google Scholar]).  相似文献