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91.
Education, political institutions and innovative activity: A cross-country empirical investigation 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Nikos C. Varsakelis 《Research Policy》2006,35(7):1083-1090
Sustained economic growth has been high in the list of priorities of many nations, developed and developing, and the important role of new technology on it has long been recognized in literature.This article examines some factors that affect national innovation activity. The assumption is that innovation grows in the framework of a national system of institutions and organizations. Objective of this article is to empirically examine how the quality of education and of political institutions affects national innovation activity.This article uses a sample of 29 countries and empirically tests the cross-country variation of innovation activity using panel-data methodology. Dependent variable is the number of patents, a proxy for the output of innovation activity, and independent variables are proxies for the quality of education and the quality of governmental institutions. Finally, research and development expenditure is considered as control variable.The findings support the hypothesis that the higher the investment of a society in the quality of education, the higher the output of innovation activity. Furthermore, the development level of the governmental institutions is positively correlated with innovation activity. 相似文献
92.
We investigate how outside directors on supervisory boards influence innovative activities of the firms they advise and monitor. Based on panel data on the largest German companies, the econometric analysis shows a positive influence of external executives on innovative firm performance, measured by patent applications. Differentiating between outside directors from innovative and non-innovative companies reveals that only outside directors from innovative firms increase patenting activities at the firms they advise and monitor. This effect increases with the technological proximity between the appointing firm and the outsider's home firm. Outside directors from non-innovative firms are negatively associated with the appointing firm's innovativeness. The results indicate that external executives with an appropriate professional background can provide valuable specific knowledge and expertise to the board. 相似文献
93.
目的：研究IL-4mRNA和IL-4蛋白在哮喘大鼠CD34^＋细胞中的转录表达及孟鲁司特（montelukast,MK）对其表达的影响。方法：将SD大鼠随机分为3组：哮喘组、MK组和正常对照组。用卵白蛋白制备大鼠哮喘模型。应用双抗体夹心酶联免疫吸附试验测定血浆中IL-4和γ-干扰素（IFN-γ）浓度;用MiniMACS磁珠分选系统分离骨髓CD34^＋细胞;采用SYBRGREEN I荧光实时定量PCR法测定CD34^＋细胞中IL-4mRNA的相对表达量。采用免疫组化技术测定CD34＋细胞中IL-4蛋白的表达量。结果：哮喘组骨髓CD34＋细胞中IL-4mR．NA和IL-4蛋白的表达量高于其它各组（p〈0．01）;哮喘组除了IFN-1水平低外,IL-4浓度和嗜酸性粒细胞（EOS）绝对值都是三组中最高的（P〈0．01）;除哮喘组外,其余组的各项指标相近（P〉0．05）。IL-4mRNA表达量与IL-4浓度、Eos绝对值呈正相关（P〈0．01）,与IFN-γ浓度呈负相关（P〈0．01）。结论：哮喘大鼠骨髓CD34^＋细胞中IL-4 mKNA的表达增强;孟鲁司特可以下调IL-4mRNA的表达。可能成为其抑制哮喘气道炎症形成的重要机制之一。 相似文献