“报”的意义探源     

高颍颍 《毕节师范高等专科学校学报》2009,(11):75-77

“报”在《说文解字》中释为“当罪人也”,当此义讲时,“报”与“执”和“挚”有语义上的联系。从“报”的字体构成及古文字字形分析可得出“报”的本义应为“以手压抑跪伏之人,使其服罪”,由此引申出祭祀,断狱、判罪之义。“报”与“复”同源,又有报答、报复、报告等意义。  相似文献   

Book reviews     

Peter Tothill  Arthur D. Stewart 《Journal of sports sciences》2013,31(7):563-565

Thigh muscle volume is a useful determinant of functional fitness. However, anthropometric prediction of muscle content is influenced by the variability of adipose tissue accumulation. The aims of this study were to predict thigh muscle and adipose tissue volumes from anthropometry and to assess the validity of the method by examining the various components of the measurements and the assumptions involved. The 19 participants (9 men, 10 women; age 23-49 years) varied in adiposity. They all underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the upper leg and the eight men and two women with the lowest adiposity underwent detailed anthropometry involving girths and skinfolds. Using MRI as the reference method, muscle volume was predicted from anthropometry using a circular concentric model, and the assumptions inherent in the method were tested further using the MRI data alone. Muscle volume was best predicted by anthropometry in the 10 leanest participants using a five-slice truncated cone model that overestimated the mean MRI value by 30% ( R 2 = 0.95; standard error of estimate = 288 cm 3 ; P ? 0.001). A single skinfold plus girth measurement at the mid-thigh almost matched its predictive ability, but with an increased bias. Measurements of leg circumference by means of the two techniques agreed well. The assumption of a circular cross-section was valid. In contrast, the agreement between skinfold thickness measured by caliper and superficial adipose tissue thickness by MRI was poor, contributing to the scatter of fat and lean area comparisons. An anterior skinfold thickness measurement underestimated the area of superficial adipose tissue at that level, particularly at the most proximal and distal sites. Although these limitations increase the uncertainties of muscle volume determination by anthropometry, they do not prevent its valid prediction in leaner individuals. The prediction of superficial adipose tissue was poorer.  相似文献   

On the role of imagery modalities on motor learning     

Lucette Toussaint  Yannick Blandin 《Journal of sports sciences》2013,31(5):497-504

Abstract

In the present study, we examine specifically how the sensory conditions available during physical practice of a task might influence the subsequent use of motor imagery. First, as a pre-test, participants had to physically reproduce knee joint positions with or without vision. Second, they practised motor imagery (15 and 150 trials) with visual, kinaesthetic or visuo-kinaesthetic imagery. A control group with no imagery was included. Post-tests were then performed 10 min and 24 h after each imagery session in a sensory condition similar to that used in the pre-test. Results showed that efficient motor imagery instructions have to take account of the sensory information available during physical experience of the task: kinaesthetic or visuo-kinaesthetic imagery in a no-vision condition, and visual imagery or, to a lesser extent, visuo-kinaesthetic imagery in a vision condition. Discussion focuses on the role of sensory motor memory on motor prediction to simulate a specific movement, and on the similarities between physical and mental practice in the development of sensory-specific movement representation.  相似文献   

高中生身体自尊的比较研究     

钟晖 《搏击·武术科学》2013,(3):113-115

文章采用《身体自尊量表》（PSPP）对264名高中生身体自尊进行问卷调查,探讨不同性别不同年级高中生身体自尊状况的发展特点。结果表明：（1）各年级高中生身体自尊存在显著的性别差异,男生身体自尊状况显著高于女生。（2）高中生中男生的身体自尊状况的年级差异不显著,高一年级女生在运动能力和身体素质两个维度上显著高于高二年级女生,在其他维度上不存在年级差异。  相似文献   

网球大满贯单打运动员身体形态及相关年龄特征分析     

苏海永 《福建体育科技》2013,(6):33-35

为了对网球大满贯单打运动员的身体形态以及运动生涯中相关年龄特征有一个清楚的了解,以期对以后从事网球运动的运动员的选材、训练以及运动生涯的宏观把握提供理论及数据参考,运用文献资料、数理统计法等对其身体形态指标以及运动生涯中相关年龄特征分析后得知,网球大满贯单打男子和女子球员的身高、体重、克菜托指数三项指标都具有稳定的正态分布特征;男子和女子球员在学球年龄和首获大满贯年龄上不存在显著性差异（P〉0．05）;在转入职业赛年龄和首获职业赛冠军年龄上却存在显著性差异（P〈0．05）;而在职业生涯冠军总数及职业年限上不存在显著性差异（P〉0．05）。  相似文献   

形状相似性在面状地物的综合质量评价中的应用     

钟飞飞  曾美英 《科技广场》2013,(6):70-73

在地图的综合质量评价中,对面状地物的评价占有很大比重。传统方法主要是人工凭借相关知识及经验进行评价,本文以通过相似性分析,引入数学模型加以改进,获取面状地物的形状相似度。这样通过定量的方法评价面状地物的质量优劣,为相关的质量检查人员提供一定的参考。  相似文献   

Future Girls,transcendent femininities and new pedagogies: toward girls' hybrid bodies?     

Laura Azzarito 《Sport, Education and Society》2013,18(3):261-275

Media provides a material site for girls' identity formation and presents conflicting images of femininity, which challenge young women's self-expression and physicality development. The ‘problem’ with girls' physicality has not been resolved, but rather complicated by discourses of new femininities in sport, fitness and health promoted by the new economies. Girls' conscious and unconscious consumption of messages of new powerful femininities might be troubling for some girls, especially ‘Other’ girls and/or girls ‘at risk,’ whose physicality collides with the emerging image of the new girls. Therefore, in this paper, I contend that an investment in the third-wave feminist agenda is still necessary to engage scholars, educators and girls in critical conversations about media, genders, the body and identity. To this end, first I discuss the feminist reappraisal of Foucault's analysis of the body as an emancipatory socio-educational and political project for (en)gendering research on the feminine ‘docile body’ in society. Second, I highlight emerging contemporary monocultural discourses of the ‘Alpha Girl’ and the ‘Future Girl,’ powerful sporty, fit and healthy femininities that contradict discourses of the traditional feminine docile body, and I analyze the ways these new images subsume race, class, religion and disability. Finally, I conclude this article by advocating the adoption of critical media pedagogies as a potential strategy for schooling girls' hybrid bodies.  相似文献   

A Consideration of Why Active Participation in Sport and Leisure Might Reduce Criminal Behaviour     

Jenny McMahon  Dawn Penney  Maree Dinan-Thompson 《Sport, Education and Society》2013,18(2):181-206

This paper contributes to sport, sociology and the body literature by exploring the ‘exposure and effect’ of culture, in particular bodily practices placed on three adolescent swimmers immersed in the Australian swimming culture using an ethnographic framework. The research reported is particularly notable as it addresses two distinct time points in the swimmers’ lives. The first section explores the adolescent experiences of three female swimmers within the cultural context of Australian swimming by articulating some of the specific body practices and ‘memes’ (ideas, symbols and practices) that they were exposed to and/or engaged within relation to the body. The second section of this paper focuses on the same three swimmers in the ‘present day’, some 10–30 years after being immersed in the Australian swimming culture as adolescents. It excavates their body practices and the relationships they now have with their body, and thus pursues the sustained impact of the body practices and ‘memes’ they were exposed to as adolescents. Analysis employs concepts drawn mainly from Foucault, particularly his thesis in regard to ‘disciplinary power’, ‘regulation’ ‘classification’ and ‘surveillance’. At a club (amateur) and National level, Australian swimming is revealed as an institution, a site and culture where particular techniques of power have become concentrated and have been brought to bear on individuals in systematic ways, with sometimes damaging effects arising for athletes’ long-term health and well-being, particularly if the individuals concerned continue to engage with cultural practices in regard to the body post-career.  相似文献   

Circles with a suspended aid: reducing pommel reaction forces     

Toshiyuki Fujihara  Pierre Gervais 《Sports biomechanics / International Society of Biomechanics in Sports》2013,12(1):34-47

The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of a suspended aid on the reaction forces during a basic skill on pommel horse. Twenty gymnasts performed three sets of 10 circles with and without a suspended aid on a pommel horse under which two force plates were set. The results confirmed that the suspended aid could reduce the magnitude of the pommel reaction forces during circles while maintaining the general loading pattern. On the left hand, the average and peak forces were attenuated to 0.59 body weight (BW) and 0.85 BW from 0.76 BW and 1.13 BW, respectively. The right hand experienced slightly larger forces with no-aid trials, but the asymmetry between the hands decreased with the aid. Despite a relatively large variability, all gymnasts experienced smaller impact peak forces with the aid. A suspended aid is most commonly used for a beginner gymnast as an introduction to pommel horse exercises. However, this study confirmed that it can also be useful for all levels of gymnasts who would like to practice pommel horse exercises with reduced pommel reaction forces for a purpose such as a progression for learning a new skill, control of training volume, or rehabilitation.  相似文献   

Investigation of blood pulse PPG signal regulation on toe effect of body posture and lower limb height     

CRABTREE Vincent P.  AZORIN-PERIS Vincent  ECHIADIS Angelos  SMITH Peter R. 《浙江大学学报(A卷英文版)》2007,8(6):916-920

Objective: To study the regulation of blood pulse volume via photoplethysmography (PPG) signal detected from toe, while the lower limb is passively raised in different height positions. Methods: Use a modified non-invasive PPG technique to detect the blood pulse signal on toe with infrared (IR) photo sensor. A protocol consisting of two postures, i.e., supine and 45° reclining, was designed to conduct laboratory trial in this study. During the period of performing the protocol of these postures, the lower limb was passively raised from the heights of 10 cm to 60 cm randomly and individually with sponge blocks underneath the foot. Results: In the supine posture, the higher the foot was passively raised, the more the blood PPG signal decreased. In the 45° reclining posture, the blood PPG signal increased at the beginning and then decreased in the foot height position from 10 cm to 60 cm. In both postures the normalized AC signal changes significantly while the normalized DC signal changes little. Conclusion: The toe PPG signals can obviously indicate the regulated blood volume change with the designated postural procedures due to the heart level position.  相似文献