Performance differences when using 26- and 29-inch-wheel bikes in Swiss National Team cross-country mountain bikers     

Thomas Steiner  Beat Müller  Thomas Maier  Jon Peter Wehrlin 《Journal of sports sciences》2016,34(15):1438-1444

The purpose of this study was to analyse the effect of bike type – the 26-inch-wheel bike (26“ bike) and the 29-inch-wheel bike (29“ bike) – on performance in elite mountain bikers. Ten Swiss National Team athletes (seven males, three females) completed six trials with individual start on a simulated cross-country course with 35 min of active recovery between trials (three trials on a 26“ bike and three trials on a 29“ bike, alternate order, randomised start-bike). The course consisted of two separate sections expected to favour either the 29“ bike (section A) or the 26“ bike (section B). For each trial performance, power output, cadence and heart rate were recorded and athletes’ experiences were documented. Mean overall performance (time: 304 ± 27 s vs. 311 ± 29 s; P < 0.01) and performance in sections A (P < 0.001) and B (P < 0.05) were better when using the 29“ bike. No significant differences were observed for power output, cadence or heart rate. Athletes rated the 29“ bike as better for performance in general, passing obstacles and traction. The 29“ bike supports superior performance for elite mountain bikers, even on sections supposed to favour the 26“ bike.  相似文献   

‘The Sole Anti-Democratic Federation in the Entire Olympic Movement’: Early International Association of Athletics Federations Development Initiatives Between Commercialization and Democratization, 1974–1987     

Jörg Krieger 《国际体育史杂志》2016,33(12):1341-1360

Abstract

Studies on the development of Olympic Solidarity as a tool of the International Olympic Committee (IOC) to enable National Olympic Committees of developing countries access to resources and influence in the Olympic Movement exist. However, historical scholarship has relatively neglected the development of aid programs by International Federations to explain how they made use of resources to gain influence in international sport politics. Based on extensive multi-national and multi-lingual archival research in the archives of the International Association of Athletics Federation (IAAF) and the German Sport University Cologne, this article explores the establishment and development of the IAAF‘s Technical Aid Program, which had been installed in 1974. Referencing a large amount of previously unknown protocols and written correspondence, the paper critically discusses the IAAF‘s development activities in light of two parallel occurring processes that shaped the federation’s character in the 1970s and 1980s decisively: its increasing commercialization and its path towards democratization in its voting system. It is argued that the IAAF development programs served as a tool to enforce commercial and sport political interests whilst the nature of support remained without clear guidance until the mid-1980s.  相似文献   

Cuba’s Challenges Hosting the 1991 Pan-American Games and the Spectacle of the Revolution’s ‘Soft Power’     

Thomas F. Carter 《国际体育史杂志》2016,33(1-2):186-202

Abstract

This paper examines the confluence of global, regional, and national politics in the lead up to the 1991 Pan-American Games hosted by Cuba. Cuba’s contentious selection as host was wholly underpinned by the international politics of the time. Once selected, the preparations for the Games in Havana were surrounded by an unprecedented domestic economic crisis fueled by shifts in global politics. This paper analyzes how international politics informed the hosting of the 1991 Pan-American Games, and shaped the political challenge the Cuban government faced in hosting such an event. The Revolution’s use of sport domestically and internationally came to the forefront in its efforts as host and the results of those efforts proved to be providential given the emerging political economic contexts during and in the ensuing years after the Games.  相似文献   

Social Inclusion – Social Exclusion: Physical Exercise as Means Between Strengthening Individuals and Integration into Collectivities     

Peter Herrmann 《国际体育史杂志》2016,33(18):2287-2306

Abstract

Physical exercise, beyond the mere physical aspect, is very much a social construct. But it is as well a means of constructing the social and as such it can be used in different ways. The contribution, taking a broad comparative perspective, will reflect on two major possibilities: the one may be called social inclusion as subordination and the other can be looked at as a matter of social inclusion by strengthening individuals. This also allows an understanding of new dangers of exclusion in the era of liquid modernity.  相似文献   

遗失的线索:小传统与历史话语权力     

张硕 《南京晓庄学院学报》2004,20(3):79-83

中国传统的文化背景始终存在大传统与小传统的对立与交融。其中大传统始终是历史的主流 ,是历史学家的关注所在。而小传统则相对处在话语弱势与忽略之中。然而小传统下的世俗社会的发展始终延续着 ,是没有被历史记录的另一条历史线索。将小传统纳入历史话语权力中 ,从而呈现历史与社会的全貌 ,是史学发展的新方向 ,也是现代历史学家面临的课题与挑战  相似文献   

综合国力与哲学社会科学成果     

李凯灿 《云南师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版)》2003,35(2):6-8

哲学社会科学成果与自然科学成果同样重要，哲学社会科学成果也是综合国力的体现，这是由哲学社会科学的地位所决定的，是由改革开放20多年坚持理论创新取得巨大成就的事实和中国历史史实所证明了的。而以美国为首的西方敌对势力推行的思想化渗透政策的巨大危害，又从反面证明了哲学社会科学成果对综合国力的影响。  相似文献   

汉语"道歉"话语模式   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：2  

罗朝晖 《暨南大学华文学院学报》2004,(1):52-58

道歉是交际中的一种补救性施事言语行为，也是一种礼貌的社会行为。其基本功能是为一项冒犯行为提供补救办法，恢复社会平衡与和谐。从语言形式来看，道歉具有语义句法程式化和规约化的普遍特征。本用语篇补全测试的问卷形式通过对汉语中道歉行为实施的调查、对所选策略进行了分类统计，结果表明道歉的话语模式包括多种策略和手段的组合，但策略的选用在很大程度上受到如权势、距离等因素的制约，说明道歉行为对化等因素的依赖。  相似文献   

Low-intensity electrical muscle stimulation induces significant increases in muscle strength and cardiorespiratory fitness     

Toshiaki Miyamoto  Hiroyuki Kamada  Akira Tamaki  Toshio Moritani 《European Journal of Sport Science》2016,16(8):1104-1110

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of low-intensity exercise training using belt electrode skeletal muscle electrical stimulation on muscle strength and cardiorespiratory fitness in healthy subjects. Nineteen healthy subjects were allocated into control or intervention groups; in both groups the participants kept regular physical activity while the intervention group underwent 30 min B-SES training at 3–4 METs for four weeks. Knee extensor muscle strength and cardiorespiratory endurance during incremental exercise test were measured at baseline and after four weeks for all participants. The relative change of knee extensor muscle strength in the intervention group was significantly higher than control group (p?p?相似文献   

Determining optimal cadence for an individual road cyclist from field data     

Robert Reed  Simon Adrian Jobson  Louis Passfield 《European Journal of Sport Science》2016,16(8):903-911

The cadence that maximises power output developed at the crank by an individual cyclist is conventionally determined using a laboratory test. The purpose of this study was two-fold: (i) to show that such a cadence, which we call the optimal cadence, can be determined using power output, heart-rate, and cadence measured in the field and (ii) to describe methodology to do so. For an individual cyclist's sessions, power output is related to cadence and the elicited heart-rate using a non-linear regression model. Optimal cadences are found for two riders (83 and 70 revolutions per minute, respectively); these cadences are similar to the riders’ preferred cadences (82–92?rpm and 65–75?rpm). Power output reduces by approximately 6% for cadences 20?rpm above or below optimum. Our methodology can be used by a rider to determine an optimal cadence without laboratory testing intervention: the rider will need to collect power output, heart-rate, and cadence measurements from training and racing sessions over an extended period (>6 months); ride at a range of cadences within those sessions; and calculate his/her optimal cadence using the methodology described or a software tool that implements it.  相似文献   

Effects of load mass carried in a backpack upon respiratory muscle fatigue     

Mark Faghy  Sam Blacker  Peter I. Brown 《European Journal of Sport Science》2016,16(8):1032-1038

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate whether loads carried in a backpack, with a load mass ranging from 0 to 20?kg, causes respiratory muscle fatigue. Methods: Eight males performed four randomised load carriage (LC) trials comprising 60?min walking at 6.5?km?h^?1 wearing a backpack of either 0 (LC₀), 10 (LC₁₀), 15 (LC₁₅) or 20?kg (LC₂₀). Inspiratory (P_Imax) and expiratory (P_Emax) mouth pressures were assessed prior to and immediately following each trial. Pulmonary gas exchange, heart rate (HR), blood lactate and glucose concentration and perceptual responses were recorded during the first and final 60?s of each trial. Results: Group mean P_Imax and P_Emax were unchanged following 60-min load carriage in all conditions (p?>?.05). There was an increase over time in pulmonary gas exchange, HR and perceptions of effort relative to baseline measures during each trial (p?p?>?.05). Conclusions: These findings indicate that sub-maximal walking with no load or carrying 10, 15 or 20?kg in a backpack for up to 60?min does not cause respiratory muscle fatigue despite causing an increase in physiological, metabolic and perceptual parameters.  相似文献