The time course of muscle-tendon properties and function responses of a five-minute static stretching exercise     

《European Journal of Sport Science》2013,13(9):1195-1203

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to investigate the time course of the changes of muscle-tendon mechanical properties and the function responses of the plantar flexor muscles following 5?×?60?s of static stretching.

Fourteen healthy volunteers were tested on four separate days in a random order with three different rest times (0, 5, 10?min) after 5?×?60?s of stretching or following a control period without stretching. During each test, the dorsiflexion range of motion (RoM), passive resistive torque (PRT), and maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) were measured with a dynamometer. Ultrasonography of the gastrocnemius medialis (GM) muscle-tendon junction displacement and motion capture allowed us to determine the length changes in the tendon and muscle, respectively, and hence to calculate their stiffness.

We observed an increase in RoM and decrease in MVC at 0, 5, and 10?min post-stretching. This could be attributed to an increase in muscle elongation which lasted at least 10?min. A decrease in muscle-tendon stiffness was observed immediately, but not 5 or 10?min after the stretching. A decrease in PRT and muscle stiffness was observed up to 5?min after the stretching. No changes were detected in tendon stiffness or in any variable in the control group.

The effects of a 5?×?60?s static stretching exercise changes the muscle-tendon functions (RoM, MVC), which are related to mechanical changes of the muscle but not the tendon structure, respectively. Although the functional changes last for at least 10?min, changes in muscle stiffness were only observed up to 5?min after the stretching exercise.  相似文献   

Muscle fatigue induced by exercise simulating the work rate of competitive soccer     

N Rahnama  T Reilly  A Lees  P Graham-Smith 《Journal of sports sciences》2013,31(11):933-942

Fatigue represents a reduction in the capability of muscle to generate force. The aim of the present study was to establish the effects of exercise that simulates the work rate of competitive soccer players on the strength of the knee extensors and knee flexors. Thirteen amateur soccer players (age 23.3±3.9 years, height 1.78±0.05?m, body mass 74.8±3.6?kg; mean±s) were tested during the 2000–2001 soccer season. Muscle strength of the quadriceps and hamstrings was measured on an isokinetic dynamometer. A 90?min soccer-specific intermittent exercise protocol, incorporating a 15?min half-time intermission, was developed to provide fatiguing exercise corresponding in work rate to a game of soccer. The exercise protocol, performed on a programmable motorized treadmill, consisted of the different intensities observed during soccer match-play (e.g. walking, jogging, running, sprinting). Muscle strength was assessed before exercise, at half-time and immediately after exercise. A repeated-measures analysis of variance showed significant reductions (P?<0.001) in peak torque for both the quadriceps and hamstrings at all angular velocities (concentric: 1.05, 2.09, 5.23 rad?·?s^?1; eccentric: 2.09 rad?·?s^?1). The peak torque of the knee extensors (KE) and knee flexors (KF) was greater before exercise [KE: 232±37, 182±34, 129±27, 219±41?N?·?m at 1.05, 2.09 and 5.23 rad?·?s^?1 (concentric) and 2.09 rad?·?s^?1 (eccentric), respectively; KF: 126±20, 112±19, 101±16, 137±23?N?·?m] than at half-time (KE: 209±45, 177±35, 125±36, 214±43?N?·?m; KF: 114±31, 102±20, 92±15, 125±25?N?·?m) and greater at half-time than after exercise (KE: 196±43, 167±35, 118±24, 204±43?N?·?m; KF: 104±25, 95±21, 87±13, 114±27?N?·?m). For the hamstrings?:?quadriceps ratio, significant changes were found (P?<0.05) for both legs, the ratio being greater before than after exercise. For fast?:?slow speed and left?:?right ratios, no significant changes were found. We conclude that there is a progressive reduction in muscle strength that applies across a range of functional characteristics during exercise that mimics the work rate in soccer.  相似文献   

Isokinetic knee extension and vertical jumping: Are they related?     

Anna Iossifidou  Vasilios Baltzopoulos  Giannis Giakas 《Journal of sports sciences》2013,31(10):1121-1127

The aim of this study was to examine joint power generation during a concentric knee extension isokinetic test and a squat vertical jump. The isokinetic test joint power was calculated using four different methods. Five participants performed concentric knee extensions at 0.52, 1.57, 3.14 and 5.23 rad?·?s^?1 on a Lido isokinetic dynamometer. The squat vertical jump was performed on a Kistler force plate. Kinematic data from both tests were collected and analysed using an ELITE optoelectronic system. An inverse dynamics model was applied to measure knee joint moment in the vertical jump. Knee angular position data from the kinematic analysis in the isokinetic test were used to derive the actual knee angular velocity and acceleration, which, in turn, was used to correct the dynamometer moment for inertial effects. Power was measured as the product of angular velocity and moment at the knee joint in both tests. Significant differences (P <?0.05) were found between mean (?± s) peak knee joint power in the two tests (squat vertical jump: 2255?±?434W; isokinetic knee extension: 771?±?81W). Correlation analysis revealed that there is no relationship between the peak knee joint power during the vertical jump and the slow velocity isokinetic tests. Higher isokinetic velocity tests show better relationships with the vertical jump but only if the correct method for joint power calculation is used in the isokinetic test. These findings suggest that there are important differences in muscle activation and knee joint power development that must be taken into consideration when isokinetic tests are used to predict jumping performance.  相似文献   

On the Swing Mechanics of a Matched Set of Golf Clubs     

David R. Budney  Donald G. Bellow 《Research quarterly for exercise and sport》2013,84(3):185-192

Abstract

Some golf equipment manufacturers produce matched sets of golf clubs using an empirical method based on first moments of mass as well as shaft stiffness, whereas others claim to match sets on the basis of moment of inertia and dynamic considerations of shaft stiffness. This paper considers the significance of the mass distribution feature of club matching with regard to the parameters relating to physical exertion by the golfer. It is shown that dynamic considerations require a mass variation through the set almost identical to the variation prescribed by static swing weighting, and that conventionally static balanced golf clubs differ in mass by less than five percent from that suggested using a dynamic balance. It is also shown that the maximum driving force is relatively the same for a specific golfer using a variety of golf clubs but that the driving forces of the professionals were higher than those recorded for the amateurs.  相似文献   

A Method for Rapid Collection and Processing of Isokinetic Data     

Louis R. Osternig  James A. Sawhill  Barry T. Bates  Joseph Hamill 《Research quarterly for exercise and sport》2013,84(3):252-256

Abstract

This study verified earlier anecdotal evidence indicating that spatial assimilations could be reduced by offsetting movements in time. In Experiment 1, 40 right-handed participants (ages 18–23 years) made single and dual quick lever reversals of 20° and 60° with the left and right limbs, respectively. Participants were assigned to either the Overlapping (O) group, in which one limb began when the other limb reached the reversal point, or to the Sequential (S) group in which one limb followed the other with a delay of 114 ms, on average. The shorter-distance limb of the O group overshot relative to the S group. Short-distance spatial assimilations were also shown in the S group in Experiment 2, when the delay was increased to 250, 500, or 1,500 ms (N = 30), suggesting that assimilation effects can be caused by command interactions at both the planning and the execution levels.  相似文献   

基于PIC30F5015的电机软启动器的研制     

赵立新  刘丰年 《三门峡职业技术学院学报》2009,8(4)

依据三相交流感应电机的实际应用,介绍了基于PIC30F5015单片机控制的软启动系统结构和功能原理,给出了软启动器的设计方法,介绍了硬件电路的实现,对具体系统的控制功能和相应的算法做了详细说明,从调试的结果来看,针对不同的应用环境,实现了转矩、恒流、电压斜坡和突跳的电机软启动功能,而且系统具备过欠压保护、过流过载保护、错相报警、缺相保护、过热保护功能。  相似文献   

基于滑模直接转矩控制磁阻同步电机的仿真研究     

王鹏飞  刘芬 《顺德职业技术学院学报》2009,7(1):22-24

ALA转子电机具有与普通电机不同的结构,但与普通电机一样,直接转矩控制也能改善其动态性能和抗干扰能力,同时也存在较大的电流、磁链和转矩脉动,逆变器开关频率不恒定,高频噪声等问题、为此,在速度PI调节器中采用了具有快速响应,对参数变化及扰动不灵敏的滑模变结构控制,仿真结果表明有很好的效果。  相似文献   

装载机液力变矩器油温过高故障分析     

王丽娟  杨长征 《晋城职业技术学院学报》2009,2(1):69-70

变矩器油温过高是装载机施工过程中的常见故障,且对装载机危害极大,本文对可能引起该故障的原因进行逐一的分析,并提出了一些保养的措施和注意事项,对装载机的使用与维护具有很大的指导意义。  相似文献   

无轴承电机悬浮控制系统的设计     

段春霞  葛运旺  蒋建虎 《常熟理工学院学报》2008,22(8):95-100

无轴承电机是利用磁悬浮轴承和交流电机结构的相似性,将产生磁悬浮力的磁悬浮轴承绕组置入电机定子,省去了专门的磁悬浮轴承．通过对转矩绕组和悬浮力绕组的解耦控制,使电机的转子同时具有产生转矩和自悬浮的功能．无轴承电机能够实现高速、无摩擦等优良性能,是当前研究的热点之一,无轴承电机悬浮控制系统设计是该研究的关键．本文介绍了无轴承电机悬浮控制的基本原理,设计了基于转矩绕组转子磁场定向的悬浮控制系统．  相似文献   

影响短跑运动员运动成绩的要因   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

赵国茹 《体育学刊》2001,8(4):66-67

通过等动测力系统对短跑运动员在角速度为60°/s、180°/s及300°/s的膝关节和髋关节伸、屈肌峰力矩进行了测试,并就测试结果与不同距离短跑成绩之间的相关性进行了探讨,发现不同角速度的伸肌峰力矩均明显高于屈肌峰力矩,同时也发现100m加速跑成绩相关最显著的是角速度为300°/s时膝关节伸肌力矩和180°/s时髋关节伸肌力矩.  相似文献