Learning from direct instruction: Best prepared by several self-regulated or guided invention activities?     

《Learning and Instruction》2017

Learning from direct instruction can be enhanced by preparatory invention tasks: students invent an index that allows to differentiate a set of cases regarding important aspects (self-regulated). However, contradictory results have been found. As self-regulated activities often need practice, we tested whether the contradictory findings persist when students can practice inventing. We randomly assigned 99 eighth-grade students to two conditions (independent variable): they either invented twice (self-regulated; n = 49) or worked through worked solutions of the two tasks (guided; n = 50) before learning about ratios in physics from a lecture. Extraneous load, deep-structure recall, knowledge-gap perception, and self-efficacy were potential mediators. Transfer was the dependent measure. Guidance led to less extraneous load. However, self-regulation led to higher transfer because the students devoted more attention to the deep structure of the preparation tasks. Our findings suggest that—given some practice—self-regulated outperforms guided preparation for learning from direct instruction.  相似文献   

Effects of performance feedback valence on perceptions of invested mental effort     

《Learning and Instruction》2017

We investigated whether the valence of performance feedback provided after a task, would affect participants’ perceptions of how much mental effort they invested in that same task. In three experiments, we presented participants with problem-solving tasks and manipulated the presence and valence of feedback between conditions (no, positive, or negative feedback valence), prior to asking them to rate how much mental effort they invested in solving that problem. Across the three experiments–with different problem-solving tasks and participant populations–we found that subjective ratings of effort investment were significantly higher after negative than after positive feedback; ratings given without feedback fell in between. These findings show that feedback valence alters perceived effort investment (possibly via task perceptions or affect), which can be problematic when effort is measured as an indicator of cognitive load. Therefore, it seems advisable to measure mental effort directly after each task, before giving feedback on performance.  相似文献   

On the effects of motivation on reading performance growth in secondary school   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Jan Retelsdorf  Olaf KöllerJens Möller 《Learning and Instruction》2011,21(4):550-559

This research aimed at identifying unique effects of reading motivation on reading performance when controlling for cognitive skills, familial, and demographic background. We drew upon a longitudinal sample of N = 1508 secondary school students from 5th to 8th grade. Two types of intrinsic reading motivation (reading enjoyment, reading for interest), one type of extrinsic reading motivation (competition), and reading self-concept were measured by self-report questionnaires. Cognitive skills (reasoning, decoding speed) and reading performance were assessed using standardized tests and background variables were collected using student and parent questionnaires. Applying latent growth curve modeling, positive unique effects of reading enjoyment and reading self-concept and a negative unique effect of competition on the initial level of reading performance were recorded. Moreover, a positive unique effect of reading for interest on reading performance growth was recorded. One may conclude that enhancing students’ interest might be fruitful in terms of nurturing reading performance.  相似文献   

How to deal with emotional abuse and neglect: further development of a conceptual framework (FRAMEA)     

Glaser D 《Child abuse & neglect》2011,35(10):866-875

Objective

To develop further the understanding of emotional abuse and neglect.

Methods

Building on previous work, this paper describes the further development of a conceptual framework for the recognition and management of emotional abuse and neglect. Training in this framework is currently being evaluated. The paper also briefly reviews more recent work on aspects of the definition, harm caused by emotional abuse and neglect and threshold.

Results

The paper arrives at a working definition as ‘persistent, non-physical, harmful interactions with the child by the caregiver, which include both commission and omission.’ There are many forms of harmful caregiver-child interactions, which can be placed in five categories, each category reflecting the fulfillment of one of the child's basic psycho-social needs and requiring a different therapeutic approach for its alleviation. The caregiver-child relationship is embedded within a psycho-social context. It is suggested that greater clarity can be gained about the child and family when information is sorted into the appropriate tiers of concerns: Tier 0 – Social & environmental factors, Tier I – Caregiver risk factors, Tier II – Caregiver-child interactions and Tier III – Child's functioning. It is further suggested that while intervention is required, this is directed towards protection, rather than providing immediate protection of the child. The work takes the form of a time-limited trial of therapeutic work to gauge the capacity of the caregivers to change. This initial work focuses Tiers 0–II. Statutory steps might be required in order to encourage the caregivers to engage. If insufficient progress is achieved, active child protection may be required which might include placing the child in an alternative family. However, some, usually older, children will remain in the emotionally abusive environment and they will require ongoing help and support.

Conclusion

While a greater understanding of emotional abuse and neglect is now possible, further evaluation of the utility of this framework is suggested.  相似文献   

Embedding Cognitive Behavioural Therapy training in practice: facilitators and barriers for trainee educational psychologists (TEPs)     

Garry Squires  Sandra Dunsmuir 《Educational Psychology in Practice》2011,27(2):117-132

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民族地区青少年体质健康影响因素分析与干预措施* ——以贵州省为例     

桂〓祝  孙振波 《广州体育学院学报》2018,(3):6-11

以多民族地区的贵州省青少年体质健康行为模式为研究对象,通过问卷调查、访谈、实地考察等研究方法深入调查分析民族地区青少年体质健康特征、相关行为情况,得出导致青少年体质健康问题不仅有学校教育因素,同时也有家庭、社会等因素的结论。［1］根据这些因素探索整合学校、家庭、社会等相关资源的综合性干预措施。  相似文献   

隐喻的认知机制和隐喻相似性     

陈玉秀 《贵阳师范高等专科学校学报》2011,(2):99-101

隐喻是一种重要的认知模式,是从一个范畴域向另一个范畴域的结构映射。相似性是隐喻的基础,也是隐喻区别于其他相关语言用法的重要条件。隐喻相似性依赖于客观世界和主观认知之间的互相作用,是可以创造的。相似性实际上仅表现于两个事物之间某一个方面或某一个点,是潜在的,是人类在这两个具有差异性的事物中突显其相似面或相似点的结果。  相似文献   

模糊聚类在规则空间中的应用     

胡小松  罗芬 《科技广场》2011,(1):9-11

规则空间是一种用来识别被试认知错误类型的数学模型,但其分类标准(参照点)一直依赖专家根据经验在测试前手工确定,使用难度太高,无法大规模普及使用。本文使用模糊聚类方法在测试后辅助确定规则空间中的参考点,使得普通教育工作者也能借助计算机使用规则空间模型。  相似文献   

模因-顺应视域下的大学生网络暴力语言探究     

杨偃成 《昭通师范高等专科学校学报》2014,(6):79-84

从模因-顺应视域来探究大学生网络暴力语言,并对这一语言现象背后产生的内在认知心理工作机制做出合理的认知语用解释,这是一种新的尝试。本研究发现大学生网络暴力语言的内在心理工作机制是被选择的强势模因对心理世界、物理世界、社交世界以及语言结构和交际目的顺应的结果。  相似文献   

认知视角下的隐喻功能——基于英语专业学习的思考     

李玲 《襄樊学院学报》2014,(6):69-71

隐喻在语言的发展和使用中起着重要的作用。它不仅是一种修辞手法,而且是一种认知方式。文章从认知的视角探讨隐喻的构词扩义功能和语篇衔接功能,并提出把隐喻功能应用到英语专业语言课上,让学生依靠丰富的联想和想象去记忆使用词汇,提高创造性思维能力,从而更加透彻地理解语言并创造性地使用语言,提高语言语用能力。  相似文献