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41.
《国际创新研究学报(英文)》2021,5(2):56-98
We examine the diversification of administrative and procedural costs on patent stock using a large dataset from the European Patent Office with 15,000 firms for the period between 1995 and 2015. The results reveal that administrative and procedural costs are significant for firm-level patenting activity. However, not all administrative and procedural costs have equal effects. Higher administrative costs often encourage patent application and validation by solving the adverse selection problem and short-run opportunism, as well as other sources of asymmetric information. The effective administration of intellectual property law and low-cost enforcement are found to considerably foster patenting activity. The effects are robust for various mis-specification checks and do not disappear once country-level research and development infrastructure proxies are controlled for. The extreme bounds of administrative and procedural costs are computed across more than 5 billion regressions, and the sizeable impact of administration on patent application and validation outcomes is confirmed. 相似文献
42.
随着我国民办本科高校数量的不断增多,民办本科高校面临日益严峻的竞争环境。为能够在竞争中继续生存、发展,各个民办本科高校亟需解决办学特色化即人才培养特色化的核心问题。通过对我国民办高校生存现状的认知和分析,探索出适宜目前我国民办本科高校特色化人才培养的新的实施途径。 相似文献
43.
随着供电企业的不断发展壮大,劳动用工已从传统的用工模式转向多元化用工。多元化用工作为一种新型的用工方式,为供电企业的发展提供了人力支持,但在管理过程中也存在一些问题。本文从管理的实践出发,分析了供电企业多元化用工的现状及存在的问题,并针对这些问题提出了解决的对策。 相似文献
44.
冯超 《湖北函授大学学报》2015,(11):102-104
石油资源已经不是简单的能源资源了,而是关系到一个国家政治经济安全的重要战略资源,我国目前面临着需求膨胀、供需紧张、石油进口渠道单一和应对风险能力差的诸多问题,这些问题严重地制约着我国的国家安全,针对这些问题,提出要对内和对外两个方面来解决我国的石油问题,就是要建立我国的石油战略储备和国际石油进口的多元化战略来应对上述问题,确保国家能源安全。 相似文献
45.
在初中体育教学中,核心素养理念的运用,对于学生社会适应能力的增强、自觉锻炼习惯的养成、学生身心素质的发展,以及体育多元化教学的改革都有着积极促进作用。本研究立足于核心素养理念,探究初中体育多元化教学改革的具体方法,以期能够为初中体育教育工作者更好地开展教学和学生综合素养的提升提供理论的参考和帮助。 相似文献
46.
To address the inability of current ranking systems to support subtopic retrieval, two main post-processing techniques of search results have been investigated: clustering and diversification. In this paper we present a comparative study of their performance, using a set of complementary evaluation measures that can be applied to both partitions and ranked lists, and two specialized test collections focusing on broad and ambiguous queries, respectively. The main finding of our experiments is that diversification of top hits is more useful for quick coverage of distinct subtopics whereas clustering is better for full retrieval of single subtopics, with a better balance in performance achieved through generating multiple subsets of diverse search results. We also found that there is little scope for improvement over the search engine baseline unless we are interested in strict full-subtopic retrieval, and that search results clustering methods do not perform well on queries with low divergence subtopics, mainly due to the difficulty of generating discriminative cluster labels. 相似文献
47.
Does technology require labour mobility to diffuse? To explore this, we use German social-security data and ask how plants that pioneer an industry in a location – and for which the local labour market offers no experienced workers – assemble their workforces. These pioneers use different recruiting strategies than plants elsewhere: they hire more workers from outside their industry and from outside their region, especially when workers come from closely related industries or are highly skilled. The importance of access to experienced workers is highlighted in the diffusion of industries from western Germany to the post-reunification economy of eastern German. While manufacturing employment declined in most advanced economies, eastern German regions managed to reindustrialise. The pioneers involved in this process relied heavily on expertise from western Germany: while establishing new manufacturing industries in the East, they sourced half of their experienced workers from the West. 相似文献
48.
企业多元化与专业化的选择 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
企业多元化经营与专业化经营战略的选择,在许多企业从小到大的发展过程中都会遇到,对于保证企业经营的长期健康发展至关重要.本文通过对多元化和专业化的含义、优缺点等方面的分析,得出多元化、专业化并无优劣之分的结论,并进一步探讨了有关多元化与专业化选择的实质问题和时机问题. 相似文献
49.
中国报业集团多元化拓展的基本路径 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
中国报业集团的业务结构存在明显不足。多元化是优化业务结构的基本战略之一。中国报业集团不能盲目多元化,应该遵循四条基本路径:价值链活动共享驱动的相关多元化,竞争力共享驱动相关多元化,竞争驱动的相关多元化,投资驱动的非相关多元化。 相似文献
50.
世界是人根据自己的认识给万事万物命名并确定其关系和结构等而建立起来的一个结构系统。凡命名都是要用词语(包括词和短语)的。但词语(即名)与事物(即实,包括人物、动作行为、性质状态等)并非有严整的对应关系。从名与实之间量的对应关系看,有一对一的,一对多的,多对一的;从名与实之间质的对应关系看,有名此实彼、有名无实的,甚至还有无名有实的,其关系多种多样。 相似文献