Is the highest fat oxidation rate coincident with the anaerobic threshold in obese women and men?     

《European Journal of Sport Science》2013,13(2):79-87

Abstract

In this study we determined the exercise intensity that elicits the highest fat oxidation rate in 15 obese women and 13 obese men. Furthermore the relationship between this intensity with the lactate (LT) and ventilatory thresholds (VT) was investigated in order to give training recommendation for maximal fat utilization during endurance exercise. After an incremental exercise test until exhaustion on a cycle ergometer, subjects performed six 20-min exercise bouts of 25, 35, 45, 55, 65 and 75% VO₂peak. The 20 min stages were randomly assigned and spread over two separate occasions (three bouts per occasion). Substrate oxidation was measured with indirect calorimetry and was calculated using stochiometric equations. In both, women and men the highest fat oxidation rate occurred at 65% VO₂peak and this did not coincide with either the VT or LT. A significant correlation between VT and LT could not be found in women (r=0.33) nor men (r=0.277). In obese women and men training recommendation for maximal fat utilization should not only be given by the intensity at which AnT occurs.  相似文献   

Functional capacities and sport-specific skills of 14- to 15-year-old male basketball players: Size and maturity effects     

《European Journal of Sport Science》2013,13(5):277-285

Abstract

The aim of the study was to estimate the influence of body size and pubertal status on variation in functional capacities and sport-specific skills of 59 youth basketball players aged 14.0–15.9 years. Height and mass were measured and stage of pubic hair was assessed at clinical examination. Six tests of functional capacity were evaluated: squat jump, countermovement jump, 60-s sit-ups, 2-kg standing medicine ball throw, hand grip strength, and 20-m multi-stage shuttle run. Four basketball skills were tested (shooting, passing, dribbling, and defensive movements). Comparisons between basketball players of different sexual maturity status were performed using analysis of covariance (controlling for chronological age). Functional capacities and basketball skills appeared to be largely independent of pubertal status especially after controlling for variation in body size. Results of multiple linear regressions indicated chronological age as a significant predictor for four items, while maturity status was a significant predictor for only one item. The influence of body mass was negative for two functional indicators (jumping, multi-stage shuttle run) and two basketball skills (dribbling, defensive movements), but positive for two functional tests of upper body strength (hand grip, ball throw). Height was positively correlated with two specific skills (passing, defensive movements), while a combination of tallness and heaviness was associated with a disadvantage on three functional capacities and two sport-specific skills.  相似文献   

Water immersion as a recovery aid from intermittent shuttle running exercise     

《European Journal of Sport Science》2013,13(6):509-514

Abstract

Aim: To investigate the effect of different water immersion (WI) treatments on recovery from intermittent shuttle running exercise in comparison to an ecologically relevant control.

Methods: Forty males performed 90 minutes intermittent shuttle running, following which they were assigned to either: (1) 12-min standing WI at 12°C; (2) 12-min standing WI at 35°C; (3) 2-min seated WI at 12°C; (4) an ecologically relevant control consisting of 12 minutes walking at 5 km h^?1. Muscle soreness, maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) of the knee flexors and extensors, hop distance, creatine kinase activity and myoglobin concentration were measured before exercise and in the 168 hours following the intervention. Between-group differences, time effects and interaction effects were investigated by mixed-model ANOVA.

Results: The shuttle running exercise induced an increase in muscle soreness (1, 24, 48 and 72 hours post-intervention) creatine kinase activity and myoglobin concentration (post-exercise and 1, 24 and 48 hours post-intervention), and reduced MVC of the knee extensors (11% reduction at 24 hours, remaining reduced at 48 and 72 hours), flexors (24% reduction at 24 hours, remaining reduced at 24, 48, 72 and 168 hours), and hop distance (24 and 48 hours). However, no between-group differences or interaction effects were evident for any of these parameters.

Conclusion: The WI protocols investigated were not better than light exercise in facilitating recovery from shuttle running exercise. Future studies examining the efficacy of WI as a recovery intervention should include a representative control condition to increase their relevance to sporting populations.  相似文献   

Characterization of aerobically fit individuals with cardiovascular disease     

《European Journal of Sport Science》2013,13(7):737-742

Abstract

With an ageing population there is an increased prevalence of individuals living with cardiovascular disease (CVD). Characteristics of older aerobically fit individuals with previously diagnosed CVD have not been studied. Therefore, our knowledge is limited as to how, or if, aerobically fit individuals with CVD attempt to adapt their physical activity and the intensity of their training programmes. The objective of this paper is to characterise the physical activity habits and behaviours of older aerobically fit individuals with CVD. We identified 28 aerobically fit patients with CVD from those who completed a minimum of 15 and 12 min of the Bruce treadmill protocol for men and women, respectively. Consenting participants responded to questionnaires regarding physical activity levels, competitive event participation and self-monitoring since diagnosis of heart disease. Average age and treadmill time of participants were 56 and 49 years and 15.6 and 13.0 min for males and females, respectively. Data were obtained regarding recent medical history (medical diagnoses, surgeries/procedures). Despite the majority of individuals participating in the same or more activity since their diagnosis, 25% indicated that their condition limited their activity and 39% reported having symptoms during activity. Nearly all participants (93%) indicated that they monitored their heart rate during exercise. However, only 14% of participants stated that their physician advised them on how to exercise safely. It is necessary for physicians and cardiac rehabilitation programmes to be involved in safe and effective exercise programming to allow individuals to return to sport after CVD.  相似文献   

Brain activation associated with motor imagery of coordination exercises and social abilities     

《European Journal of Sport Science》2013,13(7):671-677

Abstract

The purposes of the present study were: (1) to investigate the brain activation associated with coordination exercises done by one person and those by two persons and (2) to examine the interrelationships between the brain activation and social abilities. We were interested in testing the hypothesis that viewing two-person coordination exercises evokes more sophisticated brain activation than viewing one-person coordination exercises. Thirty Japanese college students served as subjects. There were two sessions in this study: the functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) session and the social ability session. In the fMRI session, the subjects were instructed to imagine they were performing coordination exercises. Also, we examined the social abilities from the viewpoint of empathising. Empathising was measured by self-reports on the Systemising, Empathy and Autism Spectrum Quotients (SQ, EQ and AQ). Regarding brain activation, blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) activation was significant in specific areas such as the left cuneus (Brodmann area: BA 17) when the subjects imagined they were performing exercises involving two persons, as compared with the cases when they imagined they were performing exercises involving only one person. The fMRI results showed that exercises done by two persons require more sophisticated communication than those done by one person. Furthermore, the results of this study suggested that those with more autistic traits may undergo difficulties in the exercises done by two persons, especially in the case of playing a role as a follower.  相似文献   

Trends and knowledge base in sport and exercise psychology research: a bibliometric review study     

《International review of sport and exercise psychology》2013,6(1):71-94

Bibliometric methods were used to examine: (1) research themes in sport and exercise psychology articles published between 2008 and 2011; and (2) the intellectual base of the field of sport and exercise psychology, defined as influential literature being cited in these articles. The dataset consisted of 795 articles from five sport and exercise psychology journals and 345 articles obtained through citation-based extension (n = 1140 articles). A cluster analysis yielded 73 clusters showing themes in sport and exercise psychology research. Principal component analysis was used to identify and analyze relationships between 14 highly cited research areas constituting the intellectual base of sport and exercise psychology. Some main findings were: (1) the identification of many re-emerging themes, (2) research related to motivation seems to be extensive, (3) sport psychology and exercise psychology research share theoretical frameworks to some extent, however (4) differences compared to previous reviews indicate that sport psychology and exercise psychology may be regarded as two distinct research fields, rather than one united field, and (5) isolated research areas were identified indicating potential for research integration. Suggestions for future research are provided. The bibliometric approach presented a broad overview of trends and knowledge base in sport and exercise psychology research.  相似文献   

Attentional focus in endurance activity: new paradigms and future directions     

《International review of sport and exercise psychology》2013,6(1):106-134

After more than 35 years of investigation, research on attentional focus in endurance activity is still mired by a lack of consensus. Specific challenges relate to the conceptualisation of association and dissociation, and discrepancies in methodology, research design, and data collection techniques. This review addresses previously unresolved issues that may limit research findings in this field. Initial concerns include how the endpoint of exercise tasks is defined, how pace is controlled, and the subjects employed within research investigations. An additional objective is to provide direction for future investigations. Traditional views of attentional focus may be limited in their explanatory value. We present a new working model of attentional focus in endurance activity that may more precisely categorise cognitive processes. Finally, research on this topic needs to be grounded in a recognised framework that captures the dynamic nature of human cognition. We propose that existing perspectives are recognised, such as the parallel processing model of pain and the mindfulness approach, and in addition we propose a metacognitive perspective be explored. Means of integrating these conceptual frameworks are suggested to further enhance the understanding of attentional processes in endurance activity.  相似文献   

Reliability and validity of the German language version of Girls' Disinclination for Physical Activity Scale     

《European Journal of Sport Science》2013,13(7):711-719

Abstract

The high prevalence of insufficient physical activity (PA) among adolescents is an important public health issue. Studying reasons for disliking PA might help researchers better understand its underlying mechanisms, yet this psychological construct has been understudied. This study established the psychometric properties of the German language version of the Girls' Disinclination for Physical Activity Scale (G-DAS-Ger). Data were collected on a sample of 257 adolescent girls in Austria (mean age: 13.0 ± 0.7 years) using the G-DAS-Ger and the Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale. One week after the first assessment, the questionnaires were re-administered to 78 girls. Between two administrations, PA of 215 girls was monitored for seven consecutive days using the ActiGraph GT3X+ accelerometers. Confirmatory factor analysis of G-DAS-Ger showed good fit for a three-factor model (χ²/df = 2.025; Bollen–Stine (B-S) p = 0.159; root mean square error of approximation = 0.063; standardised root mean square residual = 0.054; comparative fit index = 0.950). Cronbach's alphas for G-DAS-Ger factors/subscales ranged 0.64–0.76. The test–retest reliability assessed by Spearman's rank correlation ranged 0.62–0.75. Only one subscale correlated significantly with vigorous-intensity PA (Spearman's rho = ?0.16) and none with moderate-to-vigorous-intensity PA, which indicated poor predictive validity of the G-DAS-Ger. Correlations between G-DAS-Ger subscales and enjoyment of PA ranged from ?0.29 to ?0.41, indicating satisfactory convergent validity. The G-DAS-Ger may be used in its present form to assess disinclination for PA among adolescent girls in German-speaking countries. However, our results put into question the stability of the originally proposed factor structure of the questionnaire and its predictive validity among German-speaking adolescent girls. Methodological refinements to the G-DAS-Ger may be required to improve its psychometric properties in this population.  相似文献   

Match activities of top-class female soccer assistant referees in relation to the offside line     

《European Journal of Sport Science》2013,13(6):371-376

Abstract

The aim of this study was to examine the match activities of top-class female assistant referees (mean age 34.8 years, s=3.5; stature 1.64 m, s=0.05; weight 58.1 kg, s=7.4; body mass index 21.6 kg · m^–2, s=2.4) in relation to the offside line. Computerized match analyses were performed on 14 top-class assistant referees during 10 matches (a total of 20 observations) from the 2006 Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) under-20 Women's World Championship held in Russia. In addition, the position of the second last defensive player of both teams was calculated throughout the matches to determine the distance from the assistant referee to the offside line. The total distance covered during a game was 5594 m (s=473), of which 27% was sideways movements (1492 m, s=135). High-intensity activities (>13 km · h^–1) accounted for 1999 m (s=371). Mean distance from the offside line during the entire match was 1.06 m (s=0.26). Total distance covered, high-intensity activities, and distance from the offside line were not different (P>0.05) between the two halves of the game or consecutive 15-min match periods. Our results show that: (1) the kinematic demands placed on top-class female assistant referees are similar to those of top-class male assistant refereeing except for the amount of high-intensity activities, and (2) assistant referees were able to maintain the distance from the offside line during the match, which suggests an ability to keep up with the pace of the play throughout the match.  相似文献   

Caffeine and resistance exercise: the effects of two caffeine doses and the influence of individual perception of caffeine     

《European Journal of Sport Science》2013,13(10):1342-1348

Abstract

Although caffeine is a widely used ergogenic resource, some information regarding its effects on resistance exercises is still lacking. The objective of the present study was to verify the acute effect of the ingestion of two different doses of caffeine on performance during a session of resistance exercises and to analyze the perception of the subjects in relation to the intake of caffeine. Following a double-blind, randomised, cross-over, controlled, and non-placebo design, 14 trained and healthy men (24.7?±?6.8 years; 79.8?±?9.8?kg; 177.3?±?8.5?cm) performed a training session in chest-press, shoulder-press, and biceps curl exercises (3 sets until exhaustion; 70% 1RM; 3 min rest interval; 2?s for each concentric and eccentric phase) on three non-consecutive days after ingestion of 3?mg.kg^?1 caffeine (CAF3), 6?mg.kg^?1 caffeine (CAF6), or no substance (CON). Subjects were informed that one of the caffeine doses would be placebo. The total number of repetitions performed in CON (93.6?±?22.4) was significantly lower than in CAF3 (108.0?±?19.9, P?=?0.02) and in CAF6 (109.3?±?19.8, P?=?0.03) and there were no differences between caffeine doses. Eight subjects noticed that caffeine was in CAF3 and six in CAF6 and there were no differences in the number of repetitions between sessions in which the subjects perceived and did not perceive caffeine. In conclusion, caffeine doses of 3 or 6?mg.kg^?1 similarly increased performance in resistance upper limb exercises, independent of the subject's perception of substance ingestion.  相似文献