John ‘Army’ Howard,Canada’s First Black Olympian: A Nation-Building Paradox     

Ornella Nzindukiyimana 《国际体育史杂志》2017,34(11):1140-1160

Abstract

The early 1910s marked a turning point in Canadian immigration policy history. With the introduction of the Immigration Act of 1911, the Canadian state effectively declared black people, Asians, and most other people of colour to be unfit and unsuitable immigrants. Nation-building efforts encouraged a white Canada; as such, the Canadian Amateur Athletic administration approached the 1912 Games as an opportunity to attract ‘suitable’ white European immigrants. Amidst sustained anti-black immigrant discourse in policies and the press, Canada’s 1912 Olympic team included, for the first time, a black athlete: John Armstrong ‘Army’ Howard, an emerging sprinting talent from Winnipeg (Manitoba) who had done well in national meets. Howard’s racial identity was not only the antithesis of a white Canada, he was also a recent American immigrant. Yet, his potential made him one of most prominent medal hopefuls for a nation looking to secure its position on the world stage. In this way, Howard’s tenure on the national team underscores the fragile and conditional space which ideas of race and nation have largely occupied in Canada, and the role of sport and the Olympics in shaping them.  相似文献   

大学学术治理制度 建设有效性诊断与优化 ——聚焦“双一流”高校学术委员会章程的历时性修订          下载免费PDF全文

余利川  刘怡 《复旦教育论坛》2023,21(1):28-35；43

大学学术治理制度建设有效性内嵌着自主规范和工具理性的双重价值，彼此博弈的价值张力决定了大学学术治理成员结构、权责约束、运行机制以及异议监督的实践图景。通过文本分析发现，“双一流”建设高校学术委员会制度面临委员结构多形式化且运转效率低下，权责结构多数虚化且内容界定模糊，学术治理机制稳定性弱且实践性差，偏于事后监督控制且惩戒程序不清的多重困境，相应学术治理制度的形式、结构、运行与监督有效性不足。为此，应实现学术治理的“良法·善治·扩散”机制耦合，提升学术治理制度供给有效性，强化学术治理制度的实践效能，激活学术治理制度的学习机制。  相似文献