Why do bad balls get wickets? The role of congruent and incongruent information in anticipation     

Oliver R. Runswick  André Roca  A. Mark Williams  Allistair P. McRobert  Jamie S. North 《Journal of sports sciences》2019,37(5):537-543

Skilled anticipation is underpinned by the use of kinematic and contextual information. However, few researchers have examined what happens when contextual information suggests an outcome that is different from the event that follows. We aimed to bridge this gap by manipulating the relationship between contextual information and final ball location in a cricket-batting task. We predicted that when contextual information is congruent with the eventual outcome then anticipation would be facilitated. In contrast, when contextual information is incongruent, this would lead to a confirmation bias on kinematic information and result in decreased anticipation accuracy. We expected this effect to be larger in skilled performers who are more able to utilise context. Skilled and less-skilled cricket batters anticipated deliveries presented using a temporally occluded video-based task. We created conditions whereby contextual information and event outcome were either congruent or incongruent. There was a significant skill by condition interaction (p < 0.05). The skilled group anticipated significantly more accurately than the less-skilled group on the congruent trials. Both groups anticipated less accurately on incongruent trials, with the skilled participants being more negatively affected. Skilled performers prioritise contextual information and confirmation bias affects the use of kinematic information available later in the action.  相似文献   

国外体育素养研究热点、演化趋势及展望     

郑湘平  肖紫仪  赵高彩  聂应军 《武汉体育学院学报》2020,54(2):25-31

探索国外体育素养研究的前沿热点，梳理该领域发展的演进脉络，对我国体育素养研究提出展望。以WOS数据库2000-2018年收录的以体育素养为研究要旨的共80篇国外文献为数据源，运用Citespace V知识图谱可视化分析软件对文献进行科学计量分析。蓄力期（2000-2015年）以M Whitehead、IPLA、SHAPE America、Aspen建立的四大学说为主体，以"厘清内涵概念、构建外延架构"为主题；井喷期（2016-2018年）以针对正常儿童、残障儿童、疾病儿童的研究为主体，以"聚焦应用层面，关注不同人群"为主题。国外体育素养研究在整体上形成了构建家庭、社区、个体"三位一体"的身体活动模式、以体育教育手段实现"学生主体"式体育素养精准培养、以运动技能为基点拓展体育素养研究空间三大热点板块，且美国、澳大利亚、加拿大的研究重点和具体内容各不相同。新时代我国体育素养的研究重点应聚焦并服务于体育素养与健康素养的深度融合、与国民体质健康相契合的体育素养测评体系和针对不同人群的体育素养发展路径。  相似文献   

An Examination of Sport Participation Tracking and Adult Physical Activity for Participants of the Michigan State University Motor Performance Study     

Eric M. Martin  Larissa True  Karin A. Pfeiffer  Shannon R. Siegel  Crystal F. Branta  Dave Wisner 《Measurement in physical education and exercise science》2021,25(1):35-42

ABSTRACT

Research tracking sport participation from youth to adulthood is relatively rare, as is research that tracks youth sport participation with regard to adult physical activity (PA) levels, especially in the United States. Aims of this study were: 1) To investigate the degree to which sport participation tracked across youth, adolescence, and early adulthood in a sample of participants from the Michigan State University Motor Performance Study (MPS), and 2) Determine if differences existed in their levels of adult PA relative to prior sport participation. In total, 256 (60.8%) former participants from the MPS completed follow-up surveys regarding routine sport participation and PA across the previous year. Sport participation tracked consistently from youth to college. Further, regardless of the level of youth sport participation, adult leisure time PA was relatively consistent among groups. Although the study did not directly test the influence of the MPS on subsequent adult outcomes, our findings suggest that participants’ past sport participation was not a good predictor of adult PA for those who were involved in a program that emphasized fundamental motor skills in youth. Further investigation of such programs can help to better inform their influence on adult PA.  相似文献   

Components of attack response inhibition in fencing: Components of attack response inhibition in fencing     

Marcos Gutiérrez-Davila  Carmen Gutiérrez-Cruz  Enrique Navarro 《European Journal of Sport Science》2019,19(5):628-635

Applying the Go/No-Go paradigm to fencing, we investigated the relationship between the moment at which the No-Go signal appeared after a movement had been initiated and the time required by fencers to suppress the motor execution of a step-lunge. Secondarily, we determined a time threshold from which movement inhibition results in an error. The No-Go stimulus was represented by a real attack movement. 18 elite fencers and a fencing master were included in the study. Four force plates measured the horizontal components of the fencer's and master's reaction forces, which were used to calculate the time components of the attack and the response inhibition process. Also, the velocity and displacement of the master's and fencer's respective centres of mass were estimated using inverse dynamics. In all cases, cognitive inhibition processes were completed after the onset of movement. Movement time was calculated using four time components (muscle activation, muscle deactivation, transition and braking time). The results obtained revealed that cognitive processes were not significantly affected by the timing of the appearance of the No-Go signal. In contrast, movement time and its time components tended to decrease when the time delay between the No-Go stimulus and the onset of the fencer's movement increased. In conclusion, any attempt to withhold an attack movement when it has already started leads to an error that increases the risk of being hit by the opponent, especially when attack is inhibited within 150?ms after the movement has started.  相似文献   

人类动作发展研究述评： 概念、发展历程与研究范式          下载免费PDF全文

何丽 《河北体育学院学报》2019,33(5):45-51

人类动作发展研究对于人类的成长和发展有着重要作用，其研究始于18世纪中后期。人类动作发展研究可分为四大阶段，分别为主要对动作行为进行记录与描述的萌芽阶段（1787—1928年）、伴随着发展心理学发展而发展的形成阶段（1928—1946年）、从结果导向向过程导向过渡的逐渐成熟阶段（1946—1970年）、多学科理论应用的蓬勃发展阶段（1970年至今）。人类动作发展研究目前广泛采用的横断面研究法和纵向研究法均存在一定弊端，指出采用时间序列分析法和序贯分析法更有效可靠，但也应根据研究目的选择适合的研究方法。人类动作发展研究在不同的发展阶段从研究对象、研究范式和理论导向上都表现出不同的特点，未来应加强动作发展的形成机制研究、动作发展的全生命阶段研究、训练和教育对运动发展的干预研究，以及从教育学的视角探讨动作发展与体育和教育的关系。  相似文献   

Divided attention during cutting influences lower extremity mechanics in female athletes     

Thomas Gus Almonroeder  Thomas Kernozek  Stephen Cobb  Brooke Slavens  Jinsung Wang  Wendy Huddleston 《Sports biomechanics / International Society of Biomechanics in Sports》2019,18(3):264-276

Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries in basketball appear to be more common when players are in possession of the ball. The greater risk of ACL injury when in possession of the ball may result from the athlete’s inability to fully attend to their movement. However, it is also possible that having to carry/manipulate the ball restricts the athlete’s ability to utilise their upper extremities for stability during a manoeuvre. The purpose of this study was to explore how possession of a basketball and divided attention influence lower extremity mechanics during cutting and landing. Twenty uninjured females with basketball experience performed a baseline lateral cutting task, as well as lateral cuts while carrying a basketball, with and without a subsequent chest pass. Requiring participants to carry the basketball in isolation (i.e., without the additional pass) had minimal influence on lower extremity mechanics compared to baseline. However, participants demonstrated less knee flexion (40.9° vs. 47.3°) and greater knee abduction (12.2° vs. 10.1°) for trials that included the additional pass (divided attention condition) compared to trials conducted while carrying the basketball in isolation. Athletes may be at greater risk for ACL injury when they are unable to solely attend to their movement.  相似文献   

The effect of auditory stimulus training on swimming start reaction time     

Christopher Papic  Peter Sinclair  Che Fornusek  Ross Sanders 《Sports biomechanics / International Society of Biomechanics in Sports》2019,18(4):378-389

Task-specific auditory training can improve sensorimotor processing times of the auditory reaction time (RT). The majority of competitive swimmers do not conduct habitual start training with the electronic horn used to commence a race. We examined the effect of four week dive training interventions on RT and block time (BT) of 10 male adolescent swimmers (age 14.0 ± 1.4 years): dive training with auditory components (speaker and electronic horn) (n = 5) and dive training without auditory components (n = 5). Auditory stimulus dive training significantly reduced swimming start RT, compared with dive training without auditory components (p < 0.01), with a group mean RT reduction of 13 ± 9 ms. Four of the five swimmers that received auditory stimulus training showed medium to large effect size reductions in RT (d = 0.74; 1.32; 1.40; 1.81). No significant changes to swimmers’ BTs were evident in either dive training intervention. The adolescent swimmers’ results were compared against six male elite swimmers (age 19.8 ± 1.0 years). The elite swimmers had significantly shorter BTs (p < 0.05) but no significant difference in RTs. Auditory stimulus dive training should be explored further as a mechanism for improving swimming start performance in elite swimmers who have pre-established optimal BTs.  相似文献   

响应全国教育大会号召，让学生在体育锻炼中享受运动乐趣     

毛振明  李捷 《北京体育大学学报》2019,42(1):23-29

摘要：在全国教育大会上，习近平主席面向全国教育工作者提出对学校体育工作的一系列指示，其中的“帮助学生在体育锻炼中享受运动乐趣”是对学校体育和体育课程教学的非常明确的要求，如何响应习主席的要求，让学生享受体育学习和锻炼的乐趣是本文要论述的问题。本文认为体育学习和体育锻炼失去乐趣的原因是多重的，有运动（sports）变成体育（physical education）后失去运动固有乐趣的因素，有因为体育课变得“蜻蜓点水、低级重复”后失去学习成就感的原因，有身体锻炼内容萎缩导致体育锻炼变得无味的原因等。因此，要有效地帮助学生在体育锻炼中体验运动乐趣，必须推进课程教学改革以确保学生至少熟练掌握一项运动技能，就要加强体育比赛与展示以让全体学生有展示成就的舞台，就要加大体育教学的可选择性让体育学习过程充满自发性和自主性，就要加强学习集团的互动和粘合以提高体育集体的教育作用和温暖度，就要加强快乐健身游戏内容的恢复与开发以提高体育锻炼的实效性和趣味性。在帮助学生在体育锻炼中享受运动乐趣的施策方面，本文建议要加快实验“体育走班制”教学以探索确保学生掌握技能的新课程教学模式；要学习借鉴“运动教育”的理论与实践，狠抓教、练、赛三个环节的融合；要大力普及“全员运动会”以确保全体学生都有参与竞争与表现的机会；要普及“体育趣味课课练1 260例”以大力提高体育锻炼实效性和趣味性。  相似文献   

异步电机模型仿真及故障分析研究     

吕曙东 《南通职业大学学报》2010,24(4):90-93

根据异步电机的非线性多变量动态数学模型,利用LabVIEW基于数学模型对异步电机进行了仿真研究。通过分析转子断条后电机的等效电路图,得到了故障模型,并将故障诊断方法中的信号处理方法应用于电机故障诊断实例中,对正常电机模型和故障电机模型中的定子电流信号进行处理,且给出了两种信号处理方法的分析结果。仿真表明,此方法对电机故障诊断有一定实效。  相似文献   

基于STC51单片机控制的电机调速系统     

张武坤  童一帆 《石家庄职业技术学院学报》2010,22(6):32-34

基于STC51单片机控制的电机调速系统的可靠性和抗干扰能力明显提高,是辅助教学的有效工具.分析了此系统的工作原理、总体设计方案及软硬件结构.它的调速性能稳定,误差小.  相似文献