The effects of eccentric phase duration on concentric outcomes in the back squat and bench press in well-trained males     

Joseph P. Carzoli  Colby A. Sousa  Daniel J. Belcher  Eric R. Helms  Andy V. Khamoui  Michael Whitehurst 《Journal of sports sciences》2013,31(23):2676-2684

ABSTRACT

The velocity and magnitude in which the eccentric phase of an exercise is completed directly affects performance during the concentric phase. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to investigate the effects of eccentric phase duration on concentric outcomes at 60% and 80% of one-repetition maximum (1RM) in the squat and bench press. Sixteen college-aged, resistance-trained males completed 1RM testing, established normative eccentric durations, and performed fast (0.75 times normative) and slow (2.0 times normative) metronome-controlled eccentric duration repetitions. Outcome measures assessed during the concentric phase were: average concentric velocity (ACV), peak concentric velocity (PCV), rating of perceived exertion (RPE), range of motion (ROM), and barbell path. Eccentric duration was significantly and inversely correlated with ACV at 60% (r = ?0.408, p = 0.004) and 80% (r = ?0.477, p = 0.001) of 1RM squat. At 60% of 1RM squat, both fast and slow eccentric conditions produced greater (p < 0.001) PCV than normative duration with fast also producing greater PCV than slow (p = 0.044). Eccentric duration had no impact on RPE, ROM, or barbell path. Our results report for the first time that resistance-trained males performing a deliberately faster eccentric phase may enhance their own squat and bench press performance.  相似文献   

Variable versus constant power strategies during cycling time-trials: Prediction of time savings using an up-to-date mathematical model     

G. Atkinson  O. Peacock  L. Passfield 《Journal of sports sciences》2013,31(9):1001-1009

Abstract

Swain (1997 Swain, D. P. 1997. A model for optimizing cycling performance by varying power on hills and in wind. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 29: 1104–1108. [Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]) employed the mathematical model of Di Prampero et al. (1979 Di Prampero, P. E., Cortili, G., Mognoni, P. and Saibene, F. 1979. Equation of motion of a cyclist. Journal of Applied Physiology, 47: 201–206. [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]) to predict that, for cycling time-trials, the optimal pacing strategy is to vary power in parallel with the changes experienced in gradient and wind speed. We used a more up-to-date mathematical model with validated coefficients (Martin et al., 1998 Martin, J. C., Milliken, D. L., Cobb, J. E., McFadden, K. L. and Coggan, A. R. 1998. Validation of a mathematical model for road cycling power. Journal of Applied Biomechanics, 14: 276–291. [Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]) to quantify the time savings that would result from such optimization of pacing strategy. A hypothetical cyclist (mass = 70 kg) and bicycle (mass = 10 kg) were studied under varying hypothetical wind velocities (?10 to 10 m · s^?1), gradients (?10 to 10%), and pacing strategies. Mean rider power outputs of 164, 289, and 394 W were chosen to mirror baseline performances studied previously. The three race scenarios were: (i) a 10-km time-trial with alternating 1-km sections of 10% and ?10% gradient; (ii) a 40-km time-trial with alternating 5-km sections of 4.4 and ?4.4 m · s^?1 wind (Swain, 1997 Swain, D. P. 1997. A model for optimizing cycling performance by varying power on hills and in wind. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 29: 1104–1108. [Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]); and (iii) the 40-km time-trial delimited by Jeukendrup and Martin (2001 Jeukendrup, A. E. and Martin, J. 2001. Improving cycling performance: How should we spend our time and money?. Sports Medicine, 31: 559–569. [Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]). Varying a mean power of 289 W by ± 10% during Swain's (1997 Swain, D. P. 1997. A model for optimizing cycling performance by varying power on hills and in wind. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 29: 1104–1108. [Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]) hilly and windy courses resulted in time savings of 126 and 51 s, respectively. Time savings for most race scenarios were greater than those suggested by Swain (1997 Swain, D. P. 1997. A model for optimizing cycling performance by varying power on hills and in wind. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 29: 1104–1108. [Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]). For a mean power of 289 W over the “standard” 40-km time-trial, a time saving of 26 s was observed with a power variability of 10%. The largest time savings were found for the hypothetical riders with the lowest mean power output who could vary power to the greatest extent. Our findings confirm that time savings are possible in cycling time-trials if the rider varies power in parallel with hill gradient and wind direction. With a more recent mathematical model, we found slightly greater time savings than those reported by Swain (1997 Swain, D. P. 1997. A model for optimizing cycling performance by varying power on hills and in wind. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 29: 1104–1108. [Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]). These time savings compared favourably with the predicted benefits of interventions such as altitude training or ingestion of carbohydrate-electrolyte drinks. Nevertheless, the extent to which such power output variations can be tolerated by a cyclist during a time-trial is still unclear.  相似文献   

Reliability and stability of anthropometric and performance measures in highly-trained young soccer players: effect of age and maturation     

Martin Buchheit  Alberto Mendez-Villanueva 《Journal of sports sciences》2013,31(12):1332-1343

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to assess both short-term reliability and long-term stability of anthropometric and physical performance measures in highly-trained young soccer players in relation to age and maturation. Data were collected on 80 players from an academy (U13–U18, pre- (n = 14), circum- (n = 32) and post- (n = 34) estimated peak height velocity, PHV). For the reliability analysis, anthropometric and performance tests were repeated twice within a month. For the stability analysis, these tests were repeated 12 times over a 4-year period in 10 players. Absolute reliability was assessed with the typical error of measurement, expressed as a coefficient of variation (CV). Relative reliability and long-term stability were assessed using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). There was no clear age or maturation effect on either the CVs or ICCs: e.g., Post-PHV vs. Pre-PHV: effect size = –0.37 (90% confidence limits (CL):-1.6;0.9), with chances of greater/similar/lower values of 20/20/60%. For the long-term stability analysis, ICCs varied from 0.66 (0.50;0.80) to 0.96 (0.93;0.98) for 10-m sprint time and body mass, respectively. The short-term reliability of anthropometry and physical performance measures is unlikely to be affected by age or maturation. However, some of these measures are unstable throughout adolescence, which questions their usefulness in a talent identification perspective.  相似文献   

Physical Activity Practices in Elementary Schools and Associations With Physical Education Staffing and Training     

Tanja Ehl  Mary Ann Roberton  Stephen J. Langendorfer 《Research quarterly for exercise and sport》2013,84(4):488-493

Purpose: Authorities recommend that schools provide a variety of opportunities for students to obtain physical activity (PA) before, during, and after school. This study assessed the prevalence of several school PA practices—including measures of quantity and quality of physical education (PE)—in elementary schools and examined the associations of PA practices with school resources (PE staffing, training, and facilities). Method: Surveys were obtained from respondents in nationally representative samples of elementary schools from 2009–2010 to 2011–2012 (1,831 schools). Results: Few schools (20.8%) provided students with PE class every day, but most (76.3%) had an appropriate PE student-to-teacher ratio ( ≤ 25:1). Many schools (74.0%) offered 20 min of recess daily, but fewer than half offered organized opportunities for PA before or after school (e.g., sports). After controlling for demographics and school size, having a full-time PE teacher and requiring PE teachers to obtain PE-related continuing education (CE) were associated with PE practices such as offering ≥ 150 min of PE per week (for 3rd-grade students) and testing PE knowledge, skills, and fitness. Required CE was also associated with a higher likelihood of offering PA during the school day (i.e., activity breaks and PA outside of PE class) and before or after the school day (i.e., afterschool PA programs). Conclusion: Few schools offer a broad array of PA programming. However, PE staffing and CE are positively associated with many PA practices including those outside of PE, possibly indicating that PE staff serve a crucial role in promoting a whole-school PA-supportive environment.  相似文献   

Discrimination of Visual Linear Velocities     

Charles H. Shea  Cheryl Northam 《Research quarterly for exercise and sport》2013,84(3):222-225

Abstract

The purpose of the present study was to determine velocity discrimination characteristics of subjects in a difference threshold paradigm. After recruitment, 180 male and female subjects were randomly assigned to 1 of 6 groups differentiated by the length of the stimulus runway and the subjects' orientation to the stimulus. Stimulus velocities were presented on a modified Bassin Anticipation Timer with presentation rate controlled by a programmed timer. The criterion velocities were 134.11, 268.22 and 402.33, cm/sec with variable velocities ranging 44.7 cm/sec above and below the criterion in 8.94 cm/sec increments. The method of constant stimuli was used with 198 trial pairs presented (constant 7 second stimulus presentation interval). The results indicated that the discrimination of horizontal linear velocity follows a prothetic continuum. That is, the just noticeable difference increased in proportion to the increase in the criterion velocity. In addition, the subjects' orientation to the stimulus and the viewing distance (length of runway) seemed to play little or no role in the discrimination process.  相似文献   

第11届全运会女子铅球项目前8名运动员关键运动技术参数三维录像分析     

苑廷刚  郑富强  李爱东  李汀 《体育科技文献通报》2013,21(4):3-7,9

本文采用文献研究法、三维录像解析法和统计分析法对第11届全运会女子铅球决赛前八名运动员最好成绩投次进行关键运动技术研究,获取她们的部分关键运动学参数,同时和世界级优秀运动员的相应参数进行比较分析,得出相应的研究结果。本论文的主要研究结论为1.背向滑步转身跳投技术按整体动作结构可分为后摆、滑步、过渡、双支撑和最后出手投掷五个阶段。2本研究再次证明了出手速度与比赛成绩呈高度正相关,相关系数达到0.95。而出手角度和其他运动学参数与成绩呈中低度相关。3.本届全运会中冠军巩立娇6次试投平均成绩为19.60±0.46m;平均出手速度为13.47±0.24m/s,与世界级选手接近;平均出手角度为33.99±1.23°,低于世界级优秀运动员;平均出手高度为2.03±0.03m,距离抵制板的水平距离平均为-0.03±0.08m。4.前3名运动员李玲、李梅菊和巩立娇最好成绩投次质心最大分别为速度为2.84m/s、2.65m/s和2.91m/s,质心最大速度与成绩相关性不大。铅球的出手速度为12.69m/s,13.31m/s和13.84m/s,出手角度为38.5°、35.5°和33.9°,铅球的出手高度为2.09m、1.98m和2.06m。  相似文献   

关于矢量的定义以及矢量分析在平面矢场一的些应用(下)     

蔡同灵 《绵阳师范学院学报》1995,(Z1)

本文从数学史角度研究矢量的定义,以及矢量分析在平面夫场上的一些应用。其次,对于应用狄利克雷原理在求解拉普拉斯方程给出一些有关历史评注。  相似文献   

不同水胶比自密实混凝土的强度及波速测试研究     

杨巧  李富民  李晟文  王辉 《南通职业大学学报》2021,(1):95-100

设计了4种不同水胶比(0.52、0.48、0.44、0.40)自密实混凝土试件(N1、N2、N3、N4),分别在不同养护龄期(7、14、28、56、84、112 d)时进行超声波速与抗压强度的测试,得出强度与波速随龄期增长的变化规律,并根据其变化规律作回归分析,获得合适龄期内两者的函数关系。结果表明:试件抗压强度随养护龄期延长而增加,增长速率逐渐下降;在一定龄期内,强度与波速存在密切的内在联系,又因不同水胶比的试件波速增长速率不同,故回归方程不同;水胶比为0.52的自密实混凝土以幂函数拟合性最好,水胶比为0.48、0.40自密实混凝土则以指数函数最优,而对于水胶比为0.44的自密实混凝土,线性函数最佳;建立无损模拟曲线方程,可为预测适用本地区低水胶比自密实混凝土强度提供理论支持,也为检测加固工程中自密实混凝土质量问题提供了数据支撑。  相似文献   

对速度瞬心的动量矩定理及其应用     

陈云信 《文教资料》2005,15(4):176-177

本文从动能定理出发论证了对速度瞬心的动量矩定理,并通过实例阐述了用它求解有瞬心的力学问题更简洁有效。  相似文献   

对理想气体分子按平动能分布的讨论     

张桂兰  聂东山  夏玉珍 《临沂师范学院学报》2003,25(6):32-33,76

由麦克斯韦速率分布律推导理想气体分子按平动能的分布规律，并从几个方面讨论它与分子速率分布律的相同和不同之处．  相似文献