Response Time Adjustment in the Stop Signal Task: Development in Children and Adolescents     

Annie Dupuis  Maheshan Indralingam  Andre Chevrier  Jennifer Crosbie  Paul Arnold  Christie L. Burton  Russell Schachar 《Child development》2019,90(2):e263-e272

Adjusting speed to maintain fast and accurate performance is critical to goal-directed behavior. This study examined development of response time adjustments in the stop signal task in 13,709 individuals aged 6–17 years (49.0% Caucasian) across four trial types: correct and incorrect go, successful (stop-inhibit), and failed (stop-respond) trials. People sped more after correct than incorrect go responses and slowed more after failed than successful stop trials. Greater slowing after stop-respond but less slowing after stop-inhibit trials was associated with better response inhibition. Response time adjustments were evident in children as young as age 6, developed throughout childhood, and plateaued by age 10. Results were consistent with the predictions of the error detection and shifting goal priority hypotheses for adjustments.  相似文献   

Group Justice¹— Progress in Regress: Comments on "An Answer to the 'Liberal' Objection to Special Admissions"     

Arnold M. Rothstein 《Educational theory》1980,30(2):151-154

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Methodology of comparative education   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

C. Arnold Anderson 《International Review of Education/Internationale Zeitschrift für Erziehungswissenschaft/Revue internationale l'éducation》1961,7(1):1-23

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Theory of mind in dogs?: examining method and concept     

Horowitz A 《Learning & behavior》2011,39(4):314-317

In line with other research, Udell, Dorey, and Wynne’s (in press) finding that dogs and wolves pass on some trials of a putative theory-of-mind test and fail on others is as informative about the methods and concepts of the research as about the subjects. This commentary expands on these points. The intertrial differences in the target article demonstrate how critical the choice of cues is in experimental design; the intersubject-group differences demonstrate how life histories can interact with experimental design. Even the best-designed theory-of-mind tests have intractable logical problems. Finally, these and previous research results call for the introduction of an intermediate stage of ability, a rudimentary theory of mind, to describe subjects’ performance.  相似文献   

The structure and optimization of speechreading     

Arnold P 《Journal of deaf studies and deaf education》1997,2(4):199-211

Erber (1988) has claimed that one of the reasons for the ascendancy of hearing aids has been the loss of confidence in speechreading. Speechreading can be of value to those suffering from presbyacusis and other hearing disorders, in augmenting hearing aids and cochlear implants, for large numbers of people in developing countries who are unable to afford electronic aids, and for those in advanced countries who are reluctant to wear an aid. I discuss the structure and the optimization of speechreading. New methods to optimize natural speechreading skills are required that must be based on the structure and nature of speechreading. It has been suggested that speechreading is, to some extent, innate, and so 'hard-wired', which would mean that the effect of long-term training is limited. I critique this view and present a macro-analysis of the experimental literature. I suggest that the innate view may be somewhat overstated.  相似文献   

Initial returns on mail questionnaires: A literature review and research note   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：1  

Joseph L. Horowitz  William E. Sedlacek 《Research in higher education》1974,2(4):361-367

The effects of method of reproduction, status of researcher, and personalization of signature on the initial rate of return of mail questionnaires were investigated, using a one-page combination cover letter and questionnaire mailed to 600 professors at the University of Maryland, College Park. The levels of each experimental variable were: Status — professor, graduate student; signature — hand signed in ink, mimeographed facsimile; reproduction — typed, photocopied, mimeographed.A response rate of 69% was obtained without using any follow-up procedures. Chi square analyses indicated no significant differences in the rate of returns for the levels of any of the experimental variables.It appears that initial return rate will not be significantly affected by using the most efficient, least expensive method available.  相似文献   

A structured forensic interview protocol improves the quality and informativeness of investigative interviews with children: a review of research using the NICHD Investigative Interview Protocol     

Lamb ME  Orbach Y  Hershkowitz I  Esplin PW  Horowitz D 《Child abuse & neglect》2007,31(11-12):1201-1231

OBJECTIVE: To show how the results of research on children's memory, communicative skills, social knowledge, and social tendencies can be translated into guidelines that improve the quality of forensic interviews of children. METHOD: We review studies designed to evaluate children's capacities as witnesses, explain the development of the structured NICHD Investigative Interview Protocol, and discuss studies designed to assess whether use of the Protocol enhances the quality of investigative interviews. RESULTS: Controlled studies have repeatedly shown that the quality of interviewing reliably and dramatically improves when interviewers employ the NICHD Protocol. No other technique has been proven to be similarly effective. CONCLUSIONS: Use of the structured NICHD Protocol improves the quality of information obtained from alleged victims by investigators, thereby increasing the likelihood that interventions will be appropriate.  相似文献   

Improving credibility assessment in child sexual abuse allegations: the role of the NICHD investigative interview protocol     

Hershkowitz I  Fisher S  Lamb ME  Horowitz D 《Child abuse & neglect》2007,31(2):99-110

OBJECTIVES: The study was designed to explore whether the credibility of children's statements regarding their alleged experiences of child sexual abuse could be assessed in a more valid and reliable way when investigative interviews were conducted using the NICHD protocol rather than in an unstructured manner. METHODS: Forty-two experienced Israeli youth investigators each assessed the credibility of allegations of sexual abuse made by alleged victims of sexual abuse when interviewed either with or without the protocol. Half of the alleged incidents were judged likely to have happened ("plausible") on the basis of independent evidence, while half were deemed unlikely to have happened ("implausible"). RESULTS: More non-protocol than protocol interviews were rated as "No judgment possible" rather than either credible or incredible. Allegations made in protocol interviews were more accurately rated as credible or incredible when they were either plausible or implausible, respectively, than those made in non-protocol statements. Levels of inter-rater reliability were also higher when protocol interviews were rated. The differences were significant only for plausible cases, however. CONCLUSIONS: The use of the NICHD protocol facilitated the assessment of credibility by child investigators although incredible allegations (those describing incidents that were unlikely to have happened) remained difficult to detect, even when the protocol was used.  相似文献   

Progress in Calvert,Texas     

Arnold Payne 《Equity & Excellence in Education》2013,46(1-2):39-40

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Habituation and memory: infant cardiac responses to familial and discrepant auditory stimuli     

A B Horowitz 《Child development》1972,43(1):43-53

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