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The concept of masculinity has been critiqued either as an ideological effect of patriarchy or as a play of discourse. This occurs at a time when there is renewed interest in biologically reductive theories of gender, and in the context (in the UK) of public disquiet about boys' academic performance. This paper argues that while masculinity cannot be regarded as a foundational subject, the reality of the category 'masculinity' in the daily lives of students and teachers means that we have to take account of how it structures both the social and pedagogic life of the classroom. The paper demonstrates how an imagined sense of masculinity--the masculine social imaginary--appears as a reality in the boys' narratives of self. The paper also argues that while this masculine social imaginary provides the semantic logic of gender, it is in the moment-to-moment interactions that boys have to assert and seek recognition of themselves as male. 'Masculinity' continues to be a useful sociological concept. 相似文献
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JAMES W. LICHTENBERG THOMAS J. HUMMEL WARREN F. SHAFFER 《Counselor Education & Supervision》1984,24(2):155-167
CLIENT 1 is an interactive program that was designed to simulate client behavior in an initial interview and to provide a standardized environment for training and research on counselor problem-solving strategies. Through interaction with the computerized client, counselors attempt to facilitate client movement toward the goal of verbalizing a specific problem statement. Client movement is a function of the appropriateness and accuracy of counselor statements, the threat value associated with both client and counselor statements, the strength of the relationship between the counselor and client, and an index of counselor expertise. The uses of the simulation in counselor education and research are discussed. 相似文献
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Development criteria observed as time series on nominal variables pose a problem for research design. Markov chains are attractive in the first instance because they can handle such multivariate multinomial data sets, with results that are described and demonstrated on Career Development Study data. The power of the formal probability model is purchased at the expense of assumptions that may be unrealistic. It is argued and demonstrated that where the Markov chain theory for the data breaks down is precisely where the most interesting part of the message contained in the data resides. The Markov chain is shown to be a better null hypothesis against which to array the psychometric or other prediction model than is the usually employed random walk. A new prediction system that combines information from the Markov chain with the psychometric predictors is described and operated. 相似文献
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