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CAROLINE DYER 《比较教育学》1999,35(1):45-61
Misjudging the ease of policy implementation is recognised as one of the most common planning mistakes. If implementation is not planned and structured, effective management of change may give way to ad hoc adjustments and short-term strategies for coping, with a subsequent dilution of policy efficiency. Developing countries can ill afford the wasted resources that result, but little research attention has been directed at providing information about implementation processes that policy makers can draw on. This article discusses a model of 'backward mapping' that was applied in India, and generated a variety of useful insights which have contributed to learning for policy. In contexts where comparatively little is known about the implementation process, the use of such models to generate this kind of learning can improve our understandings of the 'black box' of implementation, and open up new options for policy strategies to achieve policy goals. 相似文献
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HS Batra Ashwini Kumar TK Saha Pratibha Misra Vivek Ambade 《Indian journal of clinical biochemistry : IJCB》2015,30(2):230-233
To establish utility of single enzymatic marker for the diagnosis of acute pancreatitis. This is a cohort study. Tertiary care centre proven cases of acute pancreatitis (n = 50) admitted in surgery ward between December 2011 and May 2013 were included in the study. Serum amylase and lipase were performed along with many analytes. All relevant data including serum lab values and imaging were collected. All 50 patients included in the study had raised serum lipase, 42 patients had both amylase and lipase raised, 8 patients had amylase normal but lipase raised. In smaller hospitals where limited lab and radiological facilities are available, estimation of serum lipase will be a better choice over serum amylase in diagnosis of acute pancreatitis. 相似文献
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MARJUKKA DYER 《European Journal of Engineering Education》1997,22(2):193-198
Environmental policy-making with the goal of implementing sustainable development is finding its way to local municipalities. Several towns and cities in Europe have already produced detailed environmental programmes for their decision-makers to carry out. However, the demands can sometimes overpower personnel and their capacity to deal with rapid changes, if they are not provided with ‘target training’ or given temporary help by those familiar with these new environmental concepts. This paper discusses some of the various experiences gained in a collaboration between the City of Tampere and the environmental engineering education offered by the Tampere Institute of Technology during recent years. Joint practical and research projects at home and abroad, environmental surveys, short courses and theme days, and practical placements for both Finnish and foreign exchange students are described in this paper. It is the writer's hope that this report will encourage other educators to make similar approaches in their teaching work; to share responsibility in the community between those who know and those who want to know the way of solving some of our local and regional problems. 相似文献
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HILARY DYER 《Health information and libraries journal》1990,7(4):196-203
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