排序方式： 共有5条查询结果，搜索用时 187 毫秒
1
1.
The results from five experiments are considered in relation to two of Spence's (1937, 1938) proposals concerning discrimination learning. In Experiments 1 and 2, we investigated whether his ideas about the interaction between excitatory and inhibitory generalization gradients can be used to understand how animals solve a complex patterning discrimination. The results supported a development of his proposals as put forward by Pearce (1994), provided a modification was made to Pearce's rulefor determining the shape ofthe generalization gradient. In Experiments 3, 4, and 5, we examined whether animals would pay more attention to stimuli that are relevant, rather than irrelevant, to the solution of a discrimination. The results supported this proposal for stimuli comprising visual patterns, but not for those comprising plain colors. The results also indicated that change of attention was a consequence of preliminary receptor-exposure acts, as envisaged by Spence, and not of more central changes in attention. 相似文献
2.
Stimuli that signal the absence of reinforcement are paid more attention than are irrelevant stimuli
According to established theories of attention (e.g., Mackintosh, 1975; Sutherland & Mackintosh, 1971), simple discriminations
of the form AX+ BX- result in an increase in attention to stimuli A and B, which are relevant to the outcome that follows
them, at the expense of X, which is irrelevant. Experiments that have apparently shown such changes in attention have failed
to determine whether attention is enhanced to both A and B, which signal reinforcement and nonreinforcement, respectively,
or just to A. In Experiments 1 and 2, pigeons were trained with a number of discriminations of the kind AX+ BX-, before compounds
that had been consistently nonreinforced were involved in a subsequent discrimination. Both experiments provided support for
theories that propose that more attention is paid to stimuli that consistently signal nonreinforcement than to irrelevant
stimuli in simple discriminations. 相似文献
3.
4.
Pigeons were trained in two experiments with negative patterning discriminations that were accompanied by an irrelevant cue.
For Experiment 1, the discriminations were of the form AX+ BX+ ABX–, where A and B were relevant, X was irrelevant, and +
or – indicate whether or not reinforcement was delivered. The discriminations for Experiment 2 were of the form A+ B+ AX+
BX+ ABX–. A subsequent test phase in both experiments revealed that the associability of A and B, and hence the attention
paid to these stimuli, was less than the associability of X. The results are explained with a modified version of a configural
theory of associative learning. 相似文献
5.
Certain studies of associative learning show that attention is more substantial to cues that have a history of being predictive of an outcome than to cues that are irrelevant. At the same time, other studies show that attention is more substantial to cues whose outcomes are uncertain than to cues whose outcomes are predictable. This has led to the suggestion of there being two kinds of attention in associative learning: one based upon a mechanism that allocates attention to a cue on the basis of its predictiveness, the other based upon a mechanism that allocates attention to a cue on the basis of its prediction error (e.g., Le Pelley, Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 57B, 193-243, 2004). As an alternative, it has been demonstrated that the effects of both predictiveness and uncertainty can be accounted for with only one kind of attention: one that emphasizes the role of prediction (Esber & Haselgrove, Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 278, 2553-2561, 2011). Here, we consider the alternative: whether the effects of predictiveness and uncertainty can be reconciled with a model of learning that emphasizes the role of prediction error (Pearce, Kaye, & Hall, 1982). Simulations of this model reveal that, in many cases, it too is able to account for the influence of predictiveness and uncertainty in associative learning. 相似文献
1