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In the Netherlands, as in most other European countries, closed captions for the deaf summarize texts rather than render them verbatim. Caption editors argue that in this way television viewers have enough time to both read the text and watch the program. They also claim that the meaning of the original message is properly conveyed. However, many deaf people demand verbatim subtitles so that they have full access to all original information. They claim that vital information is withheld from them as a result of the summarizing process. Linguistic research was conducted in order (a) to identify the type of information that is left out of captioned texts and (b) to determine the effects of nonverbatim captioning on the meaning of the text. The differences between spoken and captioned texts were analyzed on the basis of on a model of coherence relations in discourse. One prominent finding is that summarizing affects coherence relations, making them less explicit and altering the implied meaning. 相似文献
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Olivier Schalm Ine De Raedt Joost Caen Koen Janssens 《Journal of Cultural Heritage》2010,11(4):81-492
The chemical composition of 11 glass panes originating from two 13th century non-figurative windows were analyzed by means of Scanning Electron Microscopy–Energy Dispersive X-ray system (SEM-EDX). The windows were discovered in the back-wall of the triforium during the restoration of the choir of the cathedral St. Michael and St. Gudule in Brussels (Belgium). In order to determine if these windows were fabricated with glass of different origin or not, the compositional difference between the panes were compared with the variation in composition as a result of the following causes: (1) compositional fluctuation between panes cut from the same sheet of glass, (2) compositional fluctuation caused when panes are cut from different sheets that were made with the same batch, (3) compositional fluctuation caused when the glass is made from different batches at the same production center, and (4) compositional fluctuation as a result of glass produced at different fabrication centers. 相似文献
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Jan Elen Geraldine Clarebout Rebecca Léonard Joost Lowyck 《Teaching in Higher Education》2013,18(1):105-117
This contribution explores the relationship between teacher-centred and student-centred learning environments from a student's perspective. Three different views with respect to this relationship can be retrieved. The balance view suggests that the more teacher-centred a learning environment is, the less student-centred it is and vice versa. The transactional view stresses the continuous renegotiation of teacher- and student-roles. The independent view argues that teacher- and student-centredness are independent features of learning environments. Results from three survey studies of higher education students’ conceptions of quality education are discussed. While the practice-oriented literature regularly seems to adopt a balance view, factor analyses did not reveal evidence for the balance view in any of these studies. In students’ minds student-centredness and teacher-centredness seem to be mutually reinforcing features of high quality education. From a curricular point of view, and especially with regard to teacher training, the results warrant to argue for the development of so-called powerful learning environments rather than for the transition from teacher-centred towards student-centred learning environments. 相似文献
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Joost Meijer Marcel V. J. Veenman Bernadette H. A. M. van Hout-Wolters 《Educational Research and Evaluation》2013,19(3):209-237
This article describes the construction of a hierarchical taxonomy of metacognitive activities for the interpretation of thinking-aloud protocols of students in secondary education, who studied texts on history and physics. After testing an initial elaborate taxonomy on a restricted number of protocols by multiple raters, it appeared that the interrater correspondence was well below par. The categories in the taxonomy were too highly specified. Categories were combined and tested on new protocols in a cyclic fashion. The revised taxonomy was then used for coding 16 history protocols and 16 physics protocols. Frequencies of occurrence of metacognitive activities were obtained, as well as judgements of the quality of the metacognitive activities of the participants. There is a reasonable correlation between the frequency method and the quality method for coding thinking-aloud protocols. Also, there is a substantial covariation of the number of metacognitive activities across both tasks. 相似文献
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Peer regulation of teenage sexual identities 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
This article examines the teenage policing of heterosexuality in schools and contributes to debates about teenage sexual moralities and heterosexual male agency. It reports on a qualitative study in England of the collective sexual values of 12‐ to 13‐year‐olds and 14‐ to 15‐year‐olds. Focus group interviews indicated that pupils developed a consensual sexual morality through collusive sex talk. Homophobic and misogynistic views and verbal abuse were found to be key instruments of teenage peer regulation of sexual identities crossing class and ethnic boundaries. We found that the ‘official’ discourse of sex education did not relate to teenage lives. Anxieties about heterosexual masculinity and girls' sexual agency were conveyed by some boys through verbal sexual harassment—a form of behaviour regarded as intimidating yet normal. While white and Asian boys were more conservative in their views about marriage than girls, white and Asian girls struggled to resist heterosexual masculine power through career aspirations, by questioning marriage and being informed about sexual issues. 相似文献
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The Flexible Learning Environment eXperiment (FLEX) distance education project focuses on circus, fairground and bargee children. FLEX challenges the absence of face-to-face immediate feedback in learning. This article discusses the approach to embed didactical functions in the FLEX learning environment to meet constructivist didactical goals. FLEX is designed as a generic learning environment, suitable for different target groups. The article aims at an elucidation of constraints on a generic design due to the transition from design to development and actual implementation of a learning environment. Time pressures and technological constraints typically threaten didactical functions and, thus, innovation. As an example, the FLEX database is discussed. Shared values, ideas and key notions in a multidisciplinary context, and the follow-up of teacher training, are found to affect the actual implementation process. User training has to focus simultaneously upon how technology is used and why and when it is applied. FLEX moreover confirmed the relative robustness of innovative learning environments and the need for resources to back up unforeseen events. Finally, a summary of the article values strong pedagogical underpinnings, the actual use of the learning environment, and the interaction of the learner and the environment. L’Encadrement de l’Innovation Conceptuelle dans les Entreprises d’Education à Distance: Bouchons et Facteurs de succès critiques. Le projet d'éducation à distance ayant recours à l'expérience de la flexibilité de l'environnement (FLEX) est concentrée sur les enfants du cirque, des foires et des péniches. Flex défie l'absence de feedback immédiat dans l'enseignement. Cet article discute de l'approche pour ancrer des fonctions didactiques dans l'environnement du Flex pour atteindre des buts didactiques constructifs. Flex est concu comme un environnement didactique générique convenant à des publics cibles différents. L'article cherche à élucider les contraintes s'excusant lors de l'élaboration d'un plan générique dues à la transition entre la planification et la mise en m uvre d'un environnement éducatif. La pression du temps et les contraintes technologiques et par la même innovation. A titre d'exemple on discute de la base de données Flex. Les valeurs partagées, les idées et les notions clé dans contexte multidisciplinaire paraissent affecter le processus de mise en m uvre. La formation de l'usager doit être contrée simultanément sur la facon dont la technologie est utilisée et pourquoi et quand il y est fait appel. De plus Flex a confirmé la robustesse relative d'environnements éducatifs innovants et le besoin pour les ressources éducatives de faire face à environnements imprévus. Finalement, un résumé de l'article met en valeur de forts étais pédagogiques, l'usage réel de l'environnement éducatif et l'interaction entre l'apprenant et l'environnement. Einbettung konzeptueller Innovation für den Fernunterricht: Engpässe und kritische Faktoren für den Erfolg. Das Flexible Learning Environment eXperiment (FLEX) des Fernunterricht-Projekts zielt auf Zirkus-, Ausstellerkinder und Kinder, die z.B. auf Frachtschiffen leben, ab. FLEX befasst sich mit dem Wegfall der bei Direktunterricht möglichen unmittelbaren Rückmeldungen beim Lernen. Dieser Artikel beschreibt den Versuch, didaktische Funktionen in die Lernumgebung einzubetten, um so konstruktivistische didaktische Ziele zu erreichen. FLEX wurde als generische Lernumgebung konzipiert, die bei unterschiedlichen Zielgruppen angewendet werden kann. Der Artikel möchte die Grenzen eines generischen Konzepts, die sich aus der Entwicklung vom Entwurf bis zu Fertigstellung und der eigentlichen Anwendung des “learning environments" ergeben, aufzeigen. Zeitdruck und technische Begrenzungen erschweren i.A. didaktische Möglichkeiten und somit Innovation. Als Beispiel dient die FLEX Datenbank. Gleiche Werte, Ideen und Schlüsselfunktionen innerhalb eines multidisziplinären Kontexts und die begleitende Lehrerfortbildung beeinflussen den Anwendungsprozess. Benutzertraining muss gleichzeitig sowohl auf die technischen Möglichkeiten als auch auf den Anwendungsmodus abzielen. FLEX hat die relative Robustheit einer innovativen Lernumgebung und die notwendige Unterstützung durch andere Mittel bei unvorhergesehenen Schwierigkeiten unterstrichen. Der Artikel folgert, dass ein starkes pädagogisches Fundament für die interaktive Nutzung der Lernumgebung und ihres Umfelds unerlässlich sind. 相似文献
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Joost Meijer Peter Sleegers Marianne Elshout-Mohr Maartje van Daalen-Kapteijns Wil Meeus Dirk Tempelaar 《Educational research; a review for teachers and all concerned with progress in education》2013,55(1):31-52
Interest in the role of metacognition has been steadily rising in most forms of education. This study focuses on the construction of a questionnaire for measuring metacognitive knowledge, metacognitive regulation and metacognitive responsiveness among students in higher education and the subsequent process of testing to determine its validity. Purpose The aim of the study was to construct an original instrument for measuring features of metacognition, henceforth referred to as the Awareness of Independent Learning Inventory (AILI), and further to establish the similarities and differences between this model and existing instruments for measuring metacognition. Sample The AILI questionnaire was distributed to 1058 students in various types of Teacher Training Institutes in the Netherlands and Belgium. The abridged English version of the questionnaire was administered to another sample of 729 students reading Economics and Business Administration at the University of Maastricht in the south of the Netherlands. Design and methods The AILI instrument was constructed on the basis of a facet design along two dimensions: components of metacognition and topics of concern to students in higher education. The data gathered with the instrument was analyzed by means of a generalisability study and a decision study, respectively. The validity of the instrument was investigated by using confirmatory factor analysis. Results The generalisability study showed that the reliability of the instrument was satisfactory. The decision study revealed that the number of items included in the questionnaire could be reduced substantially by leaving out two components of one of the dimensions in the facet design, without losing too much generalisability. The validity study showed that there was a considerable level of congruity between parts of the AILI questionnaire and the relevant parts of the Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire (MSLQ). Conclusions The AILI questionnaire is a reliable and valid instrument for measuring metacognitive knowledge, regulation and responsiveness. It is suitable for use in the evaluation of the effects of interventions that purport to increase metacognitive knowledge, regulation and responsiveness of students in higher education. 相似文献
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Joost P. Pluijms Rouwen Cañal-Bruland Marco J.M. Hoozemans Morris W. Van Beek Kaj Böcker Geert J.P. Savelsbergh 《Journal of sports sciences》2016,34(16):1588-1595
The aim of the current study was twofold: (1) to validate the use of action sport cameras for quantifying focus of visual attention in sailing and (2) to apply this method to examine whether an external focus of attention is associated with better performance in upwind sailing. To test the validity of this novel quantification method, we first calculated the agreement between gaze location measures and head orientation measures in 13 sailors sailing upwind during training regattas using a head mounted eye tracker. The results confirmed that for measuring visual focus of attention in upwind sailing, the agreement for the two measures was high (intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) = 0.97) and the 95% limits of agreement were acceptable (between ?8.0% and 14.6%). In a next step, we quantified the focus of visual attention in sailing upwind as fast as possible by means of an action sport camera. We captured sailing performance, operationalised as boat speed in the direction of the wind, and environmental conditions using a GPS, compass and wind meter. Four trials, each lasting 1 min, were analysed for 15 sailors each, resulting in a total of 30 upwind speed trials on port tack and 30 upwind speed trials on starboard tack. The results revealed that in sailing – within constantly changing environments – the focus of attention is not a significant predictor for better upwind sailing performances. This implicates that neither external nor internal foci of attention was per se correlated with better performances. Rather, relatively large interindividual differences seem to indicate that different visual attention strategies can lead to similar performance outcomes. 相似文献
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In the present research, it was tried to unravel the influence of various types of instruction on test anxiety levels and,
in turn, its influence on intelligence test performance. Three types of instruction were compared: a stressful, achievement-orientated
instruction; a reassuring, task-orientated instruction; and an ambiguous instruction. Before the instruction, trait anxiety
was measured with the trait version of the state-trait anxiety questionnaire and negative fear of failure with a standard
questionnaire. Within each instructional condition, there were two test sessions with four intelligence tests each. Before
each session, state anxiety was measured with the state version of the state-trait anxiety questionnaire and test anxiety
with a standard test anxiety questionnaire. It turns out that state anxiety and test anxiety do not increase more rapidly
as a function of anxiety disposition under stressful conditions compared with reassuring conditions. As in previous research,
stage-fright effects were observed in the sense that repeated measures of state anxiety and test anxiety showed a decline
of average anxiety levels. 相似文献