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1.
In two experiments, participants inspected and drank a series of drinks, half of which contained sugar and half unpalatable
Tween20 (tween). Each sugar and tween drink had a particular flavor and color. Following this training, the flavors of the
sugar drinks were assigned higher hedonic evaluations than were those of the tween drinks, even though the participants did
not reliably report which flavors had been present in the sugar and tween drinks during training. Moreover, the evaluative
conditioning of the flavors was unaffected by whether or not the colors alone had been pretrained to predict the presence
of sugar or tween in the drinks. In accord with Baeyens, Eelen, van den Bergh, and Crombez (1990), we conclude that flavor-evaluative
conditioning is not mediated by contingency learning. 相似文献
2.
Kyla Haimovitz 《教育心理学》2011,31(5):595-609
This study examined the effects of person praise and process praise on college students’ motivation and how these effects change as students progress through their undergraduate years. Hundred and eleven college students worked on three puzzle tasks and received either person praise, process praise, or no praise. Following subsequent failure, students reported on their intrinsic motivation, perceived competence, performance attributions and contingent self-worth. Results indicated that process praise enhances intrinsic motivation and perceived competence more than person praise, and that these effects vary as students advance toward their degree. While person praise decreased motivation for sophomores and juniors, process praise increased motivation for seniors; freshmen reported no significant differences in their motivation. Implications for classroom practice and the need for research that considers developmental differences within college samples are discussed. 相似文献
3.
Gary E. Bingham Margaret F. Quinn Kyla McRoy Xiao Zhang Hope K. Gerde 《Early Childhood Education Journal》2018,46(6):601-611
Despite the importance of early writing development to children’s school success, research documents that early childhood teachers spend little time actively supporting children’s writing development in preschool classrooms. This article provides a framework for integrating writing experiences across the early childhood curriculum. Practical examples are given regarding how writing opportunities can be incorporated into existing activities and play settings. The metaphor of backgrounding and foregrounding writing experiences is used to illustrate ways that teachers can set writing rich environments and activities in a manner that makes it easier for teachers to bring these experiences into everyday learning opportunities. Attention is given to how teachers can bring writing to the foreground of the curriculum by drawing attention to writing materials, making natural connections with children’s interest and play, and scaffolding children’s early writing attempts and experiences. 相似文献
4.
Elizabeth W. Holt Ariane L. Rung Kyla A. Leon Catherine Firestein Marie Krousel-Wood 《Educational gerontology》2013,39(3):198-211
To effectively address medication adherence and improve cardiovascular health among older adults, a deeper understanding is needed of the barriers that this age group faces and of approaches that would be most effective and feasible for improving adherence. We conducted a focus group study (n = 25) in a diverse population of older adults with hypertension recruited from the Cohort Study of Medication Adherence in Older Adults (CoSMO). A structured guide was used to collect feedback on barriers to adherence and acceptability and the feasibility of intervention strategies. The final coding framework outlines factors at the individual, relationship, health care system, and environmental or policy level that affect adherence in older adults. These include memory, knowledge, attitudes and beliefs, side effects, social support, interaction with healthcare providers, and cost and convenience of medication filling. Patient responses highlighted the varied nature of barriers and the need for interventions that are both multifaceted and tailored. 相似文献
5.
Dennis Raphael Merlin W. Wahlstrom Les D. Mclean 《International Review of Education/Internationale Zeitschrift für Erziehungswissenschaft/Revue internationale l'éducation》1988,34(1):79-99
Details of teachers' instructional approaches, and students' achievement and attitudes from a probability sample of 102 Ontario schools with grade 8 classes were examined as a function of school structure (public vs. separate, the number of pupils, the teachers' qualifications). Students in separate (Roman Catholic) schools, while not differing from their public schools peers in socio-economic background and plans for further education, reported less use of English in the home and less family help with mathematics. Except in a few details, the teachers at the schools in question do not differ in their educational approaches. The conclusions suggested by the research literature, of the better achievement and attitudes of pupils in separate schools, were supported in the case of attitudes, but contrary to expectations, student achievement differences, when they occurred, favoured students enrolled in public schools. On the whole, the differences which were observed amongst pupils were neither a function of student background characteristics nor of differences in teachers' experience.
Zusammenfassung Einzelheiten der Lehransätze von Lehrern und der Leistungen sowie Einstellungen von Schülern wurden in einem Wahrscheinlichkeitssample an 102 Schulen mit einer 8. Klasse als Funktion einer Schulstruktur untersucht (öffentliche im Gegensatz zu separaten Schulen, d.h. römisch-katholischen, die Schülerzahl, die Qualifikationen der Lehrer). Obwohl sich Schüler an separaten (römischkatholischen) Schulen in ihrem sozio-ökonomischen Hintergrund und ihren Plänen bezüglich ihrer Weiterbildung von ihren Altersgenossen an öffentlichen Schulen nicht unterschieden, berichteten sie, daß der englische Sprachgebrauch zu Hause weniger üblich sei und daß sie weniger häusliche Hilfe bei Mathematikaufgaben erhielten als jene. Bis auf ein paar Einzelheiten unterschieden sich die Lehrer der besagten Schulen nicht in ihren Lehransätzen. Die Schlußfolgerungen, die in der Forschungsliteratur über bessere Leistungen und besseres Verhalten der Schüler an Separatschulen nahegelegt wurden, unterstützten diese Einstellungen, aber anders als erwartet, fielen die Unterschiede bei den Schülerleistungen, wenn sie auftraten, zugunsten der Schüler an öffentlichen Schulen aus. Insgesamt lassen sich die festgestellten Leistungsunterschiede der Schüler weder auf deren sozialen Hintergründe noch auf unterschiedliche Erfahrungen der Lehrer zurückführen.
Résumé Les détails relatifs aux approches éducatives des enseignants, aux acquis et attitudes d'élèves pris sur un échantillon de probabilité de 102 écoles de l'Etat de l'Ontario avec des classes du degré 8 ont été examinés en tant que fonction de la structure scolaire (école publique par rapport aux écoles libres, nature des effectifs, qualification des enseignants). S'ils ne se distinguaient pas de leurs pairs des écoles publiques par leur milieu socio-économique ou les plans d'éducation continue, les élèves des écoles libres (catholiques) ont rapporté qu'ils faisaient un moins grand usage de l'anglais à la maison et recevraient moins d'aide de leur famille pour résoudre leurs exercices de mathématiques. A quelques détails près, les enseignants des écoles en question ne différaient pas par leurs approches éducatives. Les conclusions suggérées par les travaux de recherche sur les acquis plus positifs et les attitudes plus favorables des élèves des écoles libres étaient corroborées pour ce qui est des attitudes mais, contrairement aux attentes, les différences en matière de connaissances acquises, si de telles différences se manifestaient, étaient à l'avantage des élèves inscrits dans les écoles publiques. En général, les différences de niveau observées chez les élèves ne dépendaient pas des caractéristiques de leur milieu de provenance, ni de l'expérience des enseignants.相似文献
6.
The knowledge economy has increased the demands on our university systems to create innovative, flexible doctoral programs. Some countries have responded to this challenge by developing professional doctorates. In the province of Ontario (Canada), the trend appears to be to re-invent the traditional PhD rather than to develop professional doctorates. This paper traces historical, political, economic and social reasons for this trend. It focuses, in particular, on the case of the longstanding Doctor of Education (EdD) at the Ontario Institute for Studies in Education of the University of Toronto (OISE/UT). Enrolment in the EdD program has dropped significantly in the past few years. Drawing on a variety of sources including evaluation data from PhD and EdD students, this paper examines reasons for this development. The authors conclude that the same climate that is fostering professional doctorates is also changing the landscape for PhD education, making the degree more responsive to the needs of educational stakeholders. 相似文献
7.
The Caregiving Environment and Developmental Outcomes of Preterm Infants: Diathesis Stress or Differential Susceptibility Effects? 
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下载免费PDF全文 The interactions between premature birth and the caregiving environment on infants' cognitive and social functioning were examined. Participants were 150 infants (83 preterm, 67 full‐term) and their parents. When infants were 6 months old, parents reported on their levels of emotional distress, and triadic family interactions were filmed and coded. At 12 months of age, the infants' cognitive and social functioning was assessed. Prematurity moderated the effects of maternal (but not paternal) emotional distress and triadic interactions on infants' cognitive and social outcomes. Whereas for cognitive functioning the interactions were consistent with a diathesis–stress approach, for social functioning the interactions were consistent with a differential susceptibility approach. The differential effects of the caregiving environment between groups and outcomes are discussed. 相似文献
8.
This study investigated predictors of early infant social development and the role of social support as a resilience factor among Arab-Bedouin families. We propose a mediation model in which social support will be related to maternal postpartum emotional distress (PPED), which in turn will be related to infant social responsiveness. One hundred five Arab-Bedouin mothers (age range = 17–44 years) and their preterm (n = 48) and full-term (n = 57) infants were recruited shortly after birth and were followed up at age 12 months. Findings demonstrate that, among the preterm group, higher levels of social support predicted lower levels of maternal PPED, and this, in turn, predicted higher levels of infant social responsiveness. 相似文献
9.
Kyla Haimovitz Stephanie V. Wormington Jennifer Henderlong Corpus 《Learning and individual differences》2011,21(6):747-752
The present study examined how beliefs about intelligence, as mediated by ability-validation goals, predicted whether students lost or maintained levels of intrinsic motivation over the course of a single academic year. 978 third- through eighth-grade students were surveyed in the fall about their theories concerning the malleability of intelligence, need to validate their academic ability through schoolwork, and intrinsic motivation. At the end of the school year, they were surveyed again about their intrinsic motivation and subsequently characterized as either decliners (those who lost intrinsic motivation over the year) or maintainers (those who maintained or gained intrinsic motivation over the year). As predicted, decliners were more likely to endorse an entity theory of intelligence than maintainers and this relationship was fully mediated by the adoption of ability-validation goals. Implications for intervention efforts and future research are discussed. 相似文献
10.
The perceptions of Looked After Children (LAC; n = 51), their Designated Teachers (DTs), and a sample of non‐LAC (n = 99) were elicited. LAC held more positive self‐perceptions than the non‐LAC, and similarly positive ratings were given for the LAC by their DTs; but LAC held lower career aspirations than the non‐LAC. LAC differed in their levels of resilience, in terms of the number of risk and protective factors identified for each child. Girls had more protective and fewer risk factors than boys. Moreover, a high incidence of protective factors in LAC was associated with positive self‐perceptions, and a high incidence of risk factors was associated with negative self‐perceptions. The implications of these findings for educational psychology practice are discussed. 相似文献