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In four conditioned suppression experiments with rats (Rattus norvegicus), backward pairings of a shock unconditioned stimulus (US) and a tone conditioned stimulus (CS) eliminated an already established conditioned response (CR), but there was recovery of the CR if the shock was later withheld. In Experiment 1, there was recovery after backward pairings, regardless of whether the period after the US was normally shock free or not. In Experiment 2, the occurrence of recovery depended on the CS’s being presented closely after the US in response elimination. Levels of recovery were positively correlated with the resistance of the response to elimination during backward pairings (Experiments 3 and 4). Taken together, these data support the notion that recovery after backward pairings is a form of renewal (see, e.g., Bouton, 1991) and is not due toprotection from extinction. 相似文献
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William J. Sly Ph. D. 《Religious education (Chicago, Ill.)》2013,108(3):177-179
The purpose of this column is to keep religious educators abreast of relevant significant research in the general field of psychology. Its implications for methods and materials in religious education are clear. Religious educators may well take advantage of every finding in scientific research. Each abstract or group is preceded by an evaluation and interpretive comment, which aims to guide the reader in understanding the research reported. All of these abstracts are from PSYCHOLOGICAL ABSTRACTS, and used by permission of that periodical. The abstract numbers are from Volume 24, 1950 相似文献
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G. O. M. Leith 《Educational research; a review for teachers and all concerned with progress in education》2013,55(3):187-199
Closed‐circuit television equipment was used to produce two versions of a programme on the Psychology of Learning for showing to student teachers. Programme A was designed in accordance with the suggestion that the more a presentation approximates to reality, the more effective it will be. Programme B was designed in accordance with the suggestion that a presentation will be more effective if the information is ‘pre‐compressed’ before transmission. Comparisons were made of the effectiveness for transmitting relevant information of each of the different techniques used to produce Programme A and Programme B and also of the total programmes. The findings indicated the ‘pre‐compression’ procedure to be more effective than the ‘realism’ procedure. 相似文献
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Alex P. Leith Rabindra A. Ratan Donghee Yvette Wohn 《Journal of Science Education and Technology》2016,25(4):655-664
Given the diversity and complexity of education game mechanisms and topics, this article contributes to a theoretical understanding of how game mechanisms “map” to educational topics through inquiry-based learning. Namely, the article examines the presence of evolution through natural selection (ENS) in digital games. ENS is a fundamentally important and widely misunderstood theory. This analysis of ENS portrayal in digital games provides insight into the use of games in teaching ENS. Systematic database search results were coded for the three principles of ENS: phenotypic variation, differential fitness, and fitness heritability. Though thousands of games use the term evolution, few presented elements of evolution, and even fewer contained all principles of ENS. Games developed to specifically teach evolution were difficult to find through Web searches. These overall deficiencies in ENS games reflect the inherent incompatibility between game control elements and the automatic process of ENS. 相似文献
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Leith Sly 《Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education》1999,24(3):339-343
Curtin University operates a computer‐managed learning package that gives students the option of undertaking a practice test before the unit assessment. This test is designed predominantly to contribute to student learning and, as such, is considered formative. 417 students took advantage of the optional practice test (PT) and their marks on the unit assessments were compared with those students (N = 197) who opted not to take the practice test (non‐PT). There was a significant improvement in the mean mark of the PT group from the practice test to the first unit test (p < 0.001). The PT group also significantly out performed the non‐PT group. They were significantly better on both unit tests although only the first unit test was preceded by a practice test (p< 0.001). This was despite apparently weaker students opting to sit the practice test. Students who performed the practice test improved their mark on the assessment tests and performed better on these tests than those students who did not do the practice test. Based on these data, practice tests should be offered before all unit assessments despite the implications for departmental resources. 相似文献
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We describe the physiological characteristics of amateur outrigger canoe paddlers. Twenty-one paddlers (13 males, 8 females) were evaluated for body stature, aerobic power, muscular strength and endurance, peak paddle force, flexibility and 250 m sprint paddle performance at the end of the outrigging season. The mean variables (+/- s) for the males were: age 27 +/- 9 years, height 175 +/- 5 cm, body mass 80 +/- 5 kg, arm span 178 +/- 7 cm, sitting height 100 +/- 2 cm, aerobic power 3.0 +/- 0.4 l x min(-1), maximum bench press strength 85 +/- 19 kg, right peak paddle force 382 +/- 66 N and left peak paddle force 369 +/- 69 N. For the females, these were: age 26 +/- 6 years, height 168 +/- 5 cm, body mass 70 +/- 8 kg, arm span 170 +/- 5 cm, sitting height 97 +/- 3 cm, aerobic power 2.3 +/- 0.51 l x min(-1), maximum bench press strength 47 +/- 10 kg, right peak paddle force 252 +/- 63 N and left peak paddle force 257 +/- 60 N. Analysis of variance revealed differences (P < 0.05) between the dominant and non-dominant sides of the body for peak paddle force, isokinetic internal and external rotation, and flexion and extension torque of the shoulder joint. The outrigger canoe paddlers were generally within the range of scores found to describe participants of other water craft sports. Outrigger canoeists should be concerned with the muscular strength imbalances associated with paddling technique. 相似文献
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This paper discusses findings from a study funded by the Equality Commission for Northern Ireland (NI) to explore the promotion of gender equity in the classroom and the extent to which initial teacher training and in-service courses address gender issues. Data from a questionnaire survey of 344 teachers and the qualitative dimensions of the study suggest that teachers are generally aware of gender stereotypes in the classroom and that, despite their lack of training in gender issues, where appropriate, most attempt to challenge this type of behaviour. Concern was expressed with the role of teachers in unconsciously perpetuating stereotypes and the extent to which equality issues are directed more towards girls than boys. 相似文献
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Brendan Humphries Grant A. Abt Rob Stanton Narelle Sly 《Journal of sports sciences》2013,31(6):395-399
We describe the physiological characteristics of amateur outrigger canoe paddlers. Twenty-one paddlers (13 males, 8 females) were evaluated for body stature, aerobic power, muscular strength and endurance, peak paddle force, flexibility and 250 m sprint paddle performance at the end of the outrigging season. The mean variables ( - s) for the males were: age 27 - 9 years, height 175 - 5 cm, body mass 80 - 5 kg, arm span 178 - 7 cm, sitting height 100 - 2 cm, aerobic power 3.0 - 0.4 l·min-1, maximum bench press strength 85 - 19 kg, right peak paddle force 382 - 66 N and left peak paddle force 369 - 69 N. For the females, these were: age 26 - 6 years, height 168 - 5 cm, body mass 70 - 8 kg, arm span 170 - 5 cm, sitting height 97 - 3 cm, aerobic power 2.3 - 0.5 l· min-1, maximum bench press strength 47 - 10 kg, right peak paddle force 252 - 63 N and left peak paddle force 257 - 60 N. Analysis of variance revealed diff erences (P ? 0.05) between the dominant and non-dominant sides of the body for peak paddle force, isokinetic internal and external rotation, and flexion and extension torque of the shoulder joint. The outrigger canoe paddlers were generally within the range of scores found to describe participants of other water craft sports. Outrigger canoeists should be concerned with the muscular strength imbalances associated with paddling technique. 相似文献