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Children are sensitive to a number of considerations influencing distributions of resources, including equality, equity, and reciprocity. We tested whether children use a specific type of reciprocity norm—market norms—in which resources are distributed differentially based strictly on amount offered in return. In two studies, 195 children 5–10 years and 60 adults distributed stickers to friends offering same or different amounts of money. Overall, participants distributed more equally when offers were the same and more unequally when offers were different. Although sensitive to why friends offered different amounts of money, children increasingly incorporated market norms into their distributions with age, as the oldest children and adults distributed more to those offering more, irrespective of the reasons provided. 相似文献
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Jean Peters 《Publishing Research Quarterly》1992,8(3):12-23
The R. R. Bowker Company has been compiling and publishing statistics on the book industry for more than a century. The history
of this effort is reported, with details on how the collection, classification, and publication of data have evolved. Bowker
provides statistics on book title output, booksellers (retail and wholesale), and libraries.
Jean Peters is the librarian at the Frederic G. Melcher Library, Cahners Publishing Company, formerly the library of the R.
R. Bowker Company. 相似文献
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Donald D. Deshler Jean B. Schumaker B. Keith Lenz Janis A. Bulgren Michael F. Hock Jim Knight Barbara J. Ehren 《Learning disabilities research & practice》2001,16(2):96-108
Three factors tied with secondary student success in content‐area reading are demonstrated: (a) validated teacher‐focused and student‐focused interventions, (b) integrated and comprehensive service delivery systems, and (c) well‐designed, data‐based professional developmental programs. Difficult challenges face secondary students with LD and their teachers with regard to these students’ participation and success in required general education classes. Recently, instructional methods and materials have been developed and validated for promoting these students’ success. Some of them focus on how general education teachers plan and teach their content‐area courses; others focus on giving students the strategies they need to respond independently to the demands of their courses. This article describes these instructional methods, a service‐delivery model for implementing these interventions in secondary schools, and professional‐development mechanisms and administrative support that must be in place for the model to be maintained effectively. 相似文献
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Nancy K. Moore Margaret T. Shaffer Rita Furst Seifert 《Contemporary educational psychology》1985,10(1):83-92
This study investigated the basic cognitive skills soldiers must possess before entering the Army, skills that are needed for successful completion of entry-level training. Judgments of 126 instructors from 25 military occupational specialties were obtained on 129 candidate skills, which resulted in the identification of 55 basic skills. Factor analysis of these 55 skill items resulted in 11 interpretable factors. Mean scores on the factors were compared across factors and across Army training schools. The results of the study suggest that, for all occupational specialties studied, skills related to the learning process are as crucial as traditional academic skills for successful training course completion. These results have important implications for training for the Army as well as for industry. 相似文献
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The purpose of this study was to describe the development of elementary students' skill in making predictions and of their understanding of what predicting means. The study involved observing and assessing the performance of 167 children on the Physical Manipulation Test (PMT), a test involving the manipulation of science materials and equipment. Children were interviewed about what they understand predicting to mean, how they use it at school and at home, and why they think it is important. For each of the seven topics tested, even the youngest children were able to offer predictions. Accuracy varied with the topic, increasing between Grades 1 and 4 and leveling off after that. The increase in skill involved children's growing ability to attend to patterns discerned through their own observations. Four levels in the development of predicting skill, as it relates to particular topics, are described. Children's understanding of predicting showed steady improvement through Grade 6. Children's awareness of their use of predicting at school and at home, and their ability to explain the importance of predicting, also increased through Grades 1 to 6, with a spurt at Grade 4. Children understood predicting to be an internal process in which one uses knowledge to anticipate a future event; they regarded predicting as an important way of being intellectually involved with the world. 相似文献
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1.WTO与中国:挑战和机遇并存近年来,中国已崛起为世界上发展最快的大国。预期2002年的GDP将增长7.5~8个百分点。以欧洲的视角来看,中国社会正受益于一大批受过高等教育的技艺精湛的人才,他们不畏变革,勇于创新,乐于接受新技术。在这片土地上,变革被真正地看作一个坚实的文化特征,这或许得益于古老的亚洲传统哲学。中国将接受入世的挑战。这或许是漫长和艰难的过程,但终将使中国在市场经验中受益。中国入世将为世界大国注入重要内容。2.WTO与中国传媒产业中国传媒业对世界的开放将是中国在今后的数年里面临的最大… 相似文献