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Paul W. Grimes Joyce E. Nielsen James F. Niss 《The American journal of distance education》2013,27(2):36-43
Abstract Correspondence study represents the first and most persistent distance education format in American universities. Later called independent study, it enabled universities to disseminate instruction far beyond their campuses. Yet, national‐level leadership provided by the National University Continuing Education Association (NUEA) and its divisions has been relatively restrained. In contrast, leadership in the private correspondence school sector has been assertive, and sometimes even aggressive. The NUEA and its members shunned this approach, choosing instead to lead by persuasion and example. The NUEA developed standards of practice concerned primarily with replicating on‐campus teaching styles and values, rather than the promotion of distance education. With the abolition of its division structure, the NUEA's successor, the University Continuing Education Association (UCEA), has opted out of a leadership role in independent study. This paper concludes that the NUEA's initial attempt at leadership in distance education— while reasoned and principled—contained flaws that made failure inevitable. 相似文献
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Mogens Hansen 《Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research》2013,57(2):79-89
Hansen, M. 1979. Interaction between Reading Test Results and Elementary Reading Programs. Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research 23, 79‐89. All Pupils in grades 2‐4 in suburban Lyngby‐Taarbæk north of Copenhagen are tested each year with silent reading tests. In the school years 1975‐77 the results have been analyzed in a systematic dialogue between teachers of the mother tongue and reading specialists. This interaction seems to be a potent mechanism for change in educational planning. The individual class ‐ as the educational unit with common developmental conditions ‐ is given most weight in the analysis. The teacher's awareness of the reading development in the class is raised,’and the focus on individual children is related to the specific class. The general reading progress in Lyngby‐Taarbæk has been raised, and the number of pupils with severe reading problems has been reduced after some years of an unsatisfactory gradual lowering of general reading proficiency in the first school years. Results are used exclusively for internal evaluation. 相似文献
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John Downing Carol A. Dwyer Dina Feitelson Mogens Jansen Ritva Kemppainen Hilkka-Liisa Matihaldi David R. Reggi Takahiko Sakamoto Hugh Taylor Derek V. Thackray Douglas Thomson 《Journal of Research in Reading》1979,2(1):8-23
Cultural expectations and sex-role standards about reading in Canada, Denmark, England, Finland, Israel, Japan, and U.S.A. were investigated. A picture test showing various activities and objects including reading and books was administered in each country to six sub-samples that approximated to the levels: students in grades I, IV, VIII, and XII, college students, and adults. Subjects had to ascribe the activity or object as being appropriate for either a boy or a girl. The results were consistent with the hypothesis that cultural expectations and sex-role standards about reading are congruent within one country but that they differ between countries. In particular, boys in Canada and the U.S.A. rapidly learn to perceive reading as a feminine activity, whereas Danish and Japanese males at all ages consistently view reading as acceptable masculine behaviour. 相似文献
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Martin Niss 《International Journal of Science and Mathematics Education》2017,15(8):1441-1462
This paper studies the cognitive obstacles related to one aspect of mathematization in physics problem-solving, namely, what might be called structuring for mathematization, where the problem situation is structured in such a way that a translation to a mathematical universe can be done. We report the results of an analysis of four protocols from task-based interviews with university students working on physics problems in pairs who fail when solving the problems. The obstacles encountered by the students are shown to be related to how the students approach the structuring for mathematization, but they are met at different steps in this process. Four types of obstacles are identified. 相似文献
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混合插值法求解Navier-Stokes方程 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用算子分裂法将粘性不可压流体Navier-Stokes方程表述的物理过程分解为扩散和对流2个过程,建立起它们的有限元方程.采用9节点四边形等参元中的形函数描述单元中流体的速度场,而利用这种单元的4个顶点节点构成的插值函数描述单元中流体的压力场,通过有限元生成系统(FEPG)进行Navier-Stokes方程的单元子程序的生成,得到求解不可压粘性流体Navier-Stokes方程的有限元程序,并用它对粘性不可压流体的挠圆柱流动问题进行了数值模拟,分析结果与试验结果吻合. 相似文献
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Martin Niss 《International Journal of Science Education》2013,35(5):697-719
Modelling is a significant aspect of doing physics and it is important how this activity is taught. This paper focuses on the explicit or implicit messages about modelling conveyed to the student in the treatments of phase transitions in statistical mechanics textbooks at beginning graduate level. Five textbooks from the 1930s to the present are analysed with respect to their messages about the following issues: What is a good model? What is the purpose of modelling? What does it mean to understand a natural phenomenon? It is argued that these texts give the student quite different perceptions of these issues and thus what of it means to do physics. 相似文献
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