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Phillip J. Mohr 《Communication Studies》2013,64(4):342-351
This article examines two implicit assumptions on which the family viewing concept appears to be based: (1) children's viewing will subside after the end of the family viewing period, and children will be less likely to be exposed to later, more “mature” programming; (2) broadcasters can and do provide programs toward which children and parents share preferences and which are “appropriate” for the family viewing period (6:00‐8:00 p.m. CST, 7:00‐9:00 in other time zones). Data gathered in a 1976 survey confirmed the first assumption. However, while the peak period of children's viewing occurred between 6:30 and 8:00 p.m., substantial numbers of the children continued to view television beyond the family viewing period. Less consistent support was found for the second assumption. Above‐average percentages of both parents and children considered thirty‐one of sixty‐eight programs listed on the questionnaires to be “favorites” or “all right,” and nineteen of the thirty‐one were broadcast during the family viewing period. While parents and children may share attitudes toward certain programs, however, it does not necessarily follow that parents consider those programs appropriate for their children. The results of the survey suggest the need for further study of what constitutes “appropriate” programming for family viewing. 相似文献
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Physical and metabolic demands of training and match-play in the elite football player 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
In soccer, the players perform intermittent work. Despite the players performing low-intensity activities for more than 70% of the game, heart rate and body temperature measurements suggest that the average oxygen uptake for elite soccer players is around 70% of maximum (VO(2max). This may be partly explained by the 150 - 250 brief intense actions a top-class player performs during a game, which also indicates that the rates of creatine phosphate (CP) utilization and glycolysis are frequently high during a game. Muscle glycogen is probably the most important substrate for energy production, and fatigue towards the end of a game may be related to depletion of glycogen in some muscle fibres. Blood free-fatty acids (FFAs) increase progressively during a game, partly compensating for the progressive lowering of muscle glycogen. Fatigue also occurs temporarily during matches, but it is still unclear what causes the reduced ability to perform maximally. There are major individual differences in the physical demands of players during a game related to physical capacity and tactical role in the team. These differences should be taken into account when planning the training and nutritional strategies of top-class players, who require a significant energy intake during a week. 相似文献
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Dorothy R. Mohr 《Research quarterly for exercise and sport》2013,84(4):725-726
Abstract Ten moderately well-conditioned male students at the University of Toledo ran on a treadmill, fully attired in football equipment, with an environmental temperature of 90 F and relative humidity of 70%. Each subject was partially acclimatized and then exposed to the experimental conditions on five consecutive days (balanced Latin square). Four 1-liter water replacement schedules (designed to test specific hypotheses), and a control of no water, served as five levels of the independent variable. Data were collected on rectal temperature, heart rate, pulse pressure, specific gravity changes for whole blood and for plasma, and sweat loss. Results showed that water ingestion early during the work session combated the effects of heat stress better than late administration; however, this advantage was reduced toward the end of the work session. The results were mixed concerning the relative merits of ingesting the water in one or two administrations. 相似文献
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