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Winter sports are played in cold conditions on ice or snow and often at moderate to high altitude. The most important nutritional challenges for winter sport athletes exposed to environmental extremes include increased energy expenditure, accelerated muscle and liver glycogen utilization, exacerbated fluid loss, and increased iron turnover. Winter sports, however, vary greatly regarding their nutritional requirements due to variable physiological and physique characteristics, energy and substrate demands, and environmental training and competition conditions. What most winter sport athletes have in common is a relatively lean physique and high-intensity training periods, thus they require greater energy and nutrient intakes, along with adequate food and fluid before, during, and after training. Event fuelling is most challenging for cross-country skiers competing in long events, ski jumpers aiming to reduce their body weight, and those winter sport athletes incurring repeated qualification rounds and heats. These athletes need to ensure carbohydrate availability throughout competition. Finally, winter sport athletes may benefit from dietary and sport supplements; however, attention should be paid to safety and efficacy if supplementation is considered. 相似文献
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Annette Rasmussen Nanna Friche 《Educational Assessment, Evaluation and Accountability》2011,23(2):113-129
Performance pressure at both the institutional and individual level of secondary education has been identified as a pressure
that is acknowledged all over Europe and raises questions about the extent to which agents in lower and upper secondary education
interpret assessment in terms of either control or learning, or perhaps both. Drawing on empirical findings from two case
studies in Denmark, the article focuses on the social roles of educational evaluation and assessment, and discusses the ways
in which the local level interpretations of policy demands influence teaching and learning in secondary education. To enable
an analysis of the understanding of different agents in the field, the article combines important sociological thinking with
the basic distinction between assessment of programmes and assessment of individuals. Presuming that assessment practices
bear the traces of the social structure that they both express and reproduce, the aim of this paper is to interrogate how
the agents view and interpret such practices. 相似文献
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Margreet Vogelzang Nanna Fuhrhop Tobias Mundhenk Esther Ruigendijk 《Journal of Research in Reading》2023,46(3):294-311
Background
German is exceptional in its use of noun capitalisation. It has been suggested that sentence-internal capitalisation as in German may benefit processing by specifically marking a noun and thus a noun phrase (NP). However, other cues, such as a determiner, can also indicate an NP. The influence of capitalisation on processing may thus be context-dependent, that is, dependent on other cues. Precisely this context dependency is investigated in the current study: Is there an effect of capitalisation on reading and is this affected by the presence of other cues such as a determiner (specifically, an article)?Methods
We ran an eye-tracking study with 30 German-speaking adults, measuring fixations during sentence reading. Critical NPs either contained correctly capitalised nouns or not and were presented either with or without a determiner.Results
The results show that both the presence of capitalisation on the noun and the presence of a determiner led to faster reading. When no determiner was present to signal the NP, the presence of noun capitalisation aided reading most.Conclusions
From these results, we conclude that the influence of capitalisation is indeed context dependent: Capitalisation aids processing most when no other cue is present. Thus, different cues play a role in NP recognition. Based on these findings, we argue that noun capitalisation should not be studied in isolation. We argue that a better understanding of capitalisation as a reading aid is relevant for teaching reading strategies. 相似文献4.
Julianne D. van der Berg Coen D.A. Stehouwer Hans Bosma Paolo Caserotti Gudny Eiriksdottir Nanna Y. Arnardottir 《Journal of sports sciences》2019,37(15):1746-1754
Dynamic sitting, such as fidgeting and desk work, might be associated with health, but remains difficult to identify out of accelerometry data. We examined, in a laboratory study, whether dynamic sitting can be identified out of triaxial activity counts. Among 18 participants (56% men, 27.3 ± 6.5 years), up to 236 counts per minute were recorded in the anteroposterior and mediolateral axes during dynamic sitting using a hip-worn accelerometer. Subsequently, we examined in 621 participants (38% men, 80.0 ± 4.7 years) from the AGES-Reykjavik Study whether dynamic sitting was associated with cardio-metabolic health. Compared to participants who recorded the fewest dynamic sitting minutes (Q1), those with more dynamic sitting minutes had a lower BMI (Q2 = ?1.39 (95%CI = ?2.33;–0.46); Q3 = ?1.87 (?2.82;–0.92); Q4 = ?3.38 (?4.32;–2.45)), a smaller waist circumference (Q2 = ?2.95 (?5.44;–0.46); Q3 = ?3.47 (?6.01;–0.93); Q4 = ?8.21 (?10.72;–5.71)), and a lower odds for the metabolic syndrome (Q2 = 0.74 [0.45;1.20] Q3 = 0.58 [0.36;0.95]; Q4 = 0.36 [0.22;0.59]). Our findings suggest that dynamic sitting might be identified using accelerometry and that this behaviour was associated with health. This might be important given the large amounts of time people spend sitting. Future studies with a focus on validation, causation and physiological pathways are needed to further examine the possible relevance of dynamic sitting. 相似文献
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Nanna Jordt Jørgensen Katrine Dahl Madsen Jeppe Læssøe 《Environmental Education Research》2018,24(6):807-817
This article explores how waste materials and waste practices figure in education, pointing to educational potentials of waste which have hitherto received little consideration in environmental and sustainability education practice and research. Building on empirical research on waste education in Danish schools and preschools, we discuss how an empirical and theoretical focus on waste as material and on waste practices moves beyond conventional approaches to waste in education. Seeking to overcome the shortcomings of habitual-behavioural and rational action approaches, we argue for an approach to waste education which encourages pupils to explore the socio-material aspects and trajectories of waste practices and waste materials. 相似文献
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