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In this paper, we propose a new learning method for extracting bilingual word pairs from parallel corpora in various languages. In cross-language information retrieval, the system must deal with various languages. Therefore, automatic extraction of bilingual word pairs from parallel corpora with various languages is important. However, previous works based on statistical methods are insufficient because of the sparse data problem. Our learning method automatically acquires rules, which are effective to solve the sparse data problem, only from parallel corpora without any prior preparation of a bilingual resource (e.g., a bilingual dictionary, a machine translation system). We call this learning method Inductive Chain Learning (ICL). Moreover, the system using ICL can extract bilingual word pairs even from bilingual sentence pairs for which the grammatical structures of the source language differ from the grammatical structures of the target language because the acquired rules have the information to cope with the different word orders of source language and target language in local parts of bilingual sentence pairs. Evaluation experiments demonstrated that the recalls of systems based on several statistical approaches were improved through the use of ICL. 相似文献
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荒木猛 《徐州师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版)》2008,34(3):13-17
明朝刊行的<金瓶梅>共有两个版本:其一是万历丁巳(万历四十五年)由弄珠客作序的<金瓶梅词话>,谓之"词话本";另一版本是附有插图的<新刻绣像批评金瓶梅>,谓之"崇祯本".本文在"崇祯本"为"词话本"之改订本的前提下进行讨论.为此,特将把"词话本"修改为"崇祯本"的作者,称为"补笔者".以往对这两种版本的比较仅指出:"词话本"的第1、53、54回在"崇祯本"中被大幅度修改;"词话本"中与情节无直接关系的章节在"崇祯本"中基本被删除.然而,经过这次再比勘又发现:"崇祯本"中有对"词话本"进行加笔的部分──虽然为数不多;更重要的是:通过对加笔部分的分析,表明<金瓶梅>由"词话本"向"崇祯本"衍进的方向性,并且可以用"合理化"一词来概括. 相似文献
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Larry Nucci Judith Smetana Noriyuki Araki Masataka Nakaue Jessamy Comer 《Child development》2014,85(3):901-907
Adolescents' obligation to disclose and their actual disclosure about their activities to parents, justifications for nondisclosure, and strategies for information management were examined in different domains in 460 middle adolescents (Mage = 16.6 years) from working and middle‐class families in Japan. Adolescents felt most obligated to disclose prudential issues, but disclosed most about personal issues. Adolescents primarily justified nondisclosure with claims to personal choice and for prudential issues, concerns with parental disapproval. They rarely lied and mostly told parents if asked or avoided the issue. Findings revealed consistencies with prior work on disclosure with European and U.S. adolescents, as well as patterns specific to the Japanese cultural setting. 相似文献
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Stephen E. Forrer William E. Sedlacek Noriyuki Agarie 《Research in higher education》1977,6(2):125-137
Three forms of the Situational Attitude Scale (SAS) were administered to 371 Japanese college students in order to measure their attitudes toward blacks, Koreans, and neutral persons without racial reference in ten social and personal situations. Data were analyzed by analysis of variance and Scheffé post hoc comparisons. The students were found to respond negatively to both blacks and Koreans, but more so toward blacks. Females responded more negatively than males to blacks and Koreans in situations involving potential physical harm. The overall pattern of responses of Japanese subjects on the SAS was similar to that of American or Danish students. 相似文献
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Tabuchi N Matsuo T Hashizume K 《Sports biomechanics / International Society of Biomechanics in Sports》2007,6(1):17-30
The aims of this study were to examine whether batters hit stationary balls at the time of peak speed of the bat head and whether the impact occurs at the lowest point of the bat trajectory. Eight university baseball players hit three balls, each hung with a string; each ball was made of a different material and was different in weight. Bat movement was captured by four 240-Hz infrared cameras and analysed three-dimensionally. Time for peak speed of the bat head varied according to the conditions. When stationary balls of standard weight were used, the bat head was at maximum speed at impact with the ball; then, it decelerated drastically owing to the impact. In contrast, maximum speed was obtained after impact when lightweight stationary balls were used. The time-speed profile of the bat head before impact in the lightweight ball condition was identical with that in the standard weight ball condition. Regardless of conditions, the timing of the lowest point of the bat head was nearly identical for each batter and most participants hit the stationary balls at about the lowest point of the bat trajectory. 相似文献
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Definitions of bullying: a comparison of terms used,and age and gender differences,in a fourteen-country international comparison 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Smith PK Cowie H Olafsson RF Liefooghe AP Almeida A Araki H del Barrio C Costabile A Dekleva B Houndoumadi A Kim K Olafsson RP Ortega R Pain J Pateraki L Schafer M Singer M Smorti A Toda Y Tomasson H Wenxin Z 《Child development》2002,73(4):1119-1133
The study of school bullying has recently assumed an international dimension, but is faced with difficulties in finding terms in different languages to correspond to the English word bullying. To investigate the meanings given to various terms, a set of 25 stick-figure cartoons was devised, covering a range of social situations between peers. These cartoons were shown to samples of 8- and 14-year-old pupils (N = 1,245; n = 604 at 8 years, n = 641 at 14 years) in schools in 14 different countries, who judged whether various native terms cognate to bullying, applied to them. Terms from 10 Indo-European languages and three Asian languages were sampled. Multidimensional scaling showed that 8-year-olds primarily discriminated nonaggressive and aggressive cartoon situations; however, 14-year-olds discriminated fighting from physical bullying, and also discriminated verbal bullying and social exclusion. Gender differences were less appreciable than age differences. Based on the 14-year-old data, profiles of 67 words were then constructed across the five major cartoon clusters. The main types of terms used fell into six groups: bullying (of all kinds), verbal plus physical bullying, solely verbal bullying, social exclusion, solely physical aggression, and mainly physical aggression. The findings are discussed in relation to developmental trends in how children understand bullying, the inferences that can be made from cross-national studies, and the design of such studies. 相似文献
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Noriyuki Inoue 《Journal of Mathematics Teacher Education》2011,14(1):5-23
One danger of integrating inquiry-based problem-solving activities into mathematics lessons is that different strategies could
be accepted without in-depth discussions on the cogency and efficiency of the strategies. To overcome this issue, Japanese
teachers typically go through a series of lesson-study-based teacher learning sessions and learn how to help students build
consensus on the best mathematical strategy and think deeply about problem solving (neriage in Japanese). Assuming that this can also be an effective model in other cultural contexts, a video-based lesson study was
conducted for a group of US teachers to effectively incorporate consensus building discussions in their mathematical inquiry
lessons. Through the lesson study, the teachers learned to release control of class discussions to their students and help
them discuss and examine different strategies. This article concludes with various aspects that the teachers learned for effectively
implementing neriage in their lessons. 相似文献
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