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Prasanna Venkhatesh V 《Resonance》2016,21(7):583-596
Twentieth century bore witness to remarkable scientists who have advanced our understanding of the brain. Among them, Sir Charles Scott Sherrington’s ideas about the way in which the central nervous system operates has continuing relevance even today. He received honorary doctorates from twentytwo universities and was honoured with the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in the year 1932 along with Lord Edgar Adrian for their work on the functions of neurons. He developed our modern notion of the reflex as a model for how the periphery and spinal cord connect sensation and action. 相似文献
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The twentieth century has witnessed many outstanding scientists who revolutionized our understanding of Nature. Our comprehension
of the brain to a large extent stems from the meticulous work of the Spanish biologist Santiago Ramón y Cajal, who is considered
as the Father of Modern Neurosciences. Cajal made prolific contributions for over half a century on the anatomical organization
of the brain. The Royal Academy of Sciences of Berlin awarded Cajal the prestigious Helmholtz gold medal for his contributions
in the year 1905. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1906 along with Camillo Golgi (an Italian scientist)
in recognition of his work on the structure of the nervous system. In this article we will remember the life and work of this
brilliant scientist. 相似文献
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This article concerns new developments in autologous adult stem cell research in Japan and India through the notions of biohierarchy and bionetworking. It conceptualizes how human subject research in one country may be turned into experimental stem cell therapies in another through bionetworks. We analyse the processes that enable researchers in Japan to discard a therapy as being of reputational risk, while researchers in India employ it so that it becomes reputation enhancing. At the same time, scientists from both countries collaborate in and potentially benefit from the same bionetwork. Explaining how the recruitment of patients and scientists is organized through bionetworking, this article analyses how experimental research in India thrives using Japanese technologies. The concept of biohierarchy illustrates how inequalities in health and standards of living in India and in Japan underpin the methods by which researchers, medical professionals, managers and patients collaborate in bionetworks. The concept of 'boundary object' here captures the ways in which the meaning of experimental therapy is defined by subjective categories projected onto it by patients and scientists alike. The article is based on fieldwork conducted by both authors during 3 months between September and December 2008 at various locations in India and Japan. Data for this article were collected from a wide range of interviews with stem cell researchers, medical doctors, coordinators, managers and patients, primary and secondary sources gathered at these centres, and through web and archival research. 相似文献
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E T Bell, the famous author of ‘Men of Mathematics’, has described mathematics as the ‘Queen of Arts and Servant of Science’. What he meant is that mathematics serves science by entering into the picture as soon as a proper mathematical model is set up by the scientist, and then after a purely mathematical analysis of the model, the final mathematical step is interpreted scientifically. The purpose of the present article is to convince the readers that sometimes the roles of science and mathematics are reversed, and a mathematical problem is interpreted as a physics problem; the laws of physics are utilized for a physical analysis, and the final result of the physical analysis is interpreted mathematically. We shall illustrate this by means of few examples. 相似文献
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