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Linda J. Sax 《Research in higher education》1996,37(4):389-425
This study provides an empirical test of Kanter's theory of tokenism (1977a,b)—that individuals will be affected adversely by declining representation of their own gender within an environment. Using students' college major as the environmental backdrop, this study examines how the proportion of women in a major affects students' college grades, academic self-concept, mathematical self-concept, social selfconcept, satisfaction with the major, and persistence in the major. Data are drawn from the Cooperative Institutional Research Program's 1985 Freshman Survey and 1989 Follow-Up Survey. The sample includes 7,641 women and 5,074 men in 344 fouryear colleges and universities. Regression results indicate that the proportion of women in the major has essentially no impact on the cognitive and affective development of college students. Instead, this study illustrates how the relationship between the gender composition of the major and student outcomes can be accounted for by characteristics of students, aspects of the college environment, and the effects of major field.An earlier version of this paper was presented at the 1994 Meeting of the American Educational Research Association in New Orleans, Louisiana. 相似文献
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George Kari L. Sax Linda J. Wofford Annie M. Sundar Sarayu 《Research in higher education》2022,63(5):871-898
Research in Higher Education - Computing career opportunities are increasing across all sectors of the U.S. economy, yet there remains a serious shortage of college graduates to fill these jobs.... 相似文献
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Using a national sample of over 277,850 collegefreshmen, this study examines attitudes towardaffirmative action in college admissions separately forfour racial/ethnic groups: whites/Caucasians,African-Americans, Asian-Americans, and Mexican-Americans. Foreach group, analyses address the extent to whichopposition to affirmative action is driven by factorssuch as self-interest, political ideology, and attitudes about race/ethnicity. Findings suggest somedifferences in how these factors operate acrossdifferent racial/ethnic groups. 相似文献
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This study examines differences between women and men on 19 outcomes of college and assesses the extent to which those differences
are attributable to gender gaps that existed prior to college or to men’s and women’s differential college experiences. The
data are drawn from a national longitudinal sample of students (N = 17,637) attending 204 four-year colleges and universities who were surveyed upon entry to college in 1994 and four years
later in 1998. Among the 19 outcomes, 5 revealed gender differences that could be accounted for by pre-college variables alone,
2 demonstrated gender differences that were attributable to a combination of pre-college and college variables, and 12 produced gender gaps that were significant despite all control variables.
An earlier version of this paper was presented at the Annual Meeting of the Association for Institutional Research, San Diego,
CA, May 2005. 相似文献
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Using cross-classified multilevel modeling, this study attempted to improve our understanding of the group-level conditional effects of student–faculty interaction by examining the function of academic majors in explaining the effects of student–faculty interaction on students’ academic self-concept. The study utilized data on 11,202 undergraduate students who completed both the 2003 Freshman Survey and the 2007 College Senior Survey at 95 baccalaureate institutions nationwide. The results show that the strength of the relationship between having been a guest in a professor’s home and students’ academic self-concept varies by academic major. Findings also suggest that some aspects of departmental climate, such as a racially more diverse student body and greater faculty accessibility, can possibly magnify the beneficial effects of student–faculty interaction. The study discusses the theoretical and practical implications of the findings. 相似文献
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The effects of training tests on subsequent achievement were studied using 2-test item characteristics: item difficulty and item complexity. Ninety Ss were randomly assigned to treatment conditions having easy or difficult items and calling for rote or complex skills. Each S was administered two training tests during the quarter containing only items defined by his treatment condition. The dependent measure was a sixty item final examination with fifteen items reflecting each of the four treatment condition item types. The results showed greater achievement for those trained with difficult items and with rote items. In addition, two interaction of treatment conditions with type of test items were found. The results are discussed as supporting a hierarchical model rather than a “similarity” transfer model of learning. 相似文献
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