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1.
Kohei Watanabe Takayuki Sato Takahiro Mukaimoto Wataru Takashima Michio Yamagishi Tetsunari Nishiyama 《Journal of sports sciences》2016,34(15):1413-1422
We aimed to investigate neuromuscular activation of thigh muscles during track cycling at various speeds. Eight male competitive cyclists volunteered to participate in this study. Surface electromyography of the vastus lateralis, biceps femoris and adductor magnus muscles of the bilateral legs was recorded during track cycling on velodromes with a 250-m track. The participants were instructed to maintain three different lap times: 20, 18 and 16 s. The average rectified value (ARV) was calculated from the sampled surface electromyography. Significantly higher ARVs were observed in the right compared to left leg for the biceps femoris muscle during both straight and curved sections at 18- and 16-s lap times (P < 0.05). In the biceps femoris muscle, significant changes in ARVs during the recovery phase with an increase in speed were seen in the right leg only (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences in ARVs between the straight and curved sections for all three muscles (P > 0.05). From our findings, it was suggested that during track cycling on a velodrome the laterality of the biceps femoris muscle activity is a key strategy to regulate the speed, and fixed neuromuscular strategies are adopted between straight and curved sections for thigh muscles. 相似文献
2.
Naoyuki Takeuchi Takayuki Mori Yoshimi Suzukamo Shin‐Ichi Izumi 《Mind, Brain, and Education》2019,13(3):167-175
Metacognitive functions are important for both teachers and students to facilitate teaching and learning. The prefrontal cortex (PFC) plays a proven role in metacognition. As a pilot study, we evaluated the PFC activity of teachers and students using near‐infrared spectroscopy devices to explore the neural mechanism of PFC underlying metacognitive function during teaching and problem‐solving processes. In 14 student‐teacher pairs, participants in the teacher role gave hints via a tablet screen to facilitate solving of a tangram puzzle task by participants in the student role. The PFC activity of teachers increased after giving hints but not while planning hints. The PFC activity of students increased upon task solving after receiving hints. The PFC of teachers might play a metacognitive role in monitoring their own teaching results. The PFC activity of students might be related to the creativity process after gaining insights, as well as metacognitive process for monitoring their own behavior. 相似文献
3.
In the first condition in Experiment 1, 6 rats were exposed to concurrent variable ratio (VR) 30, variable interval (VI) 30-sec
schedules. In the next two conditions, the subjects were exposed to concurrent VI VI schedules and concurrent tandem VI-differential-reinforcement-of-high-rate
VI schedules. For the latter conditions, the overall and relative reinforcer rates equaled those in the first condition. Only
minor differences appeared in time allocation (a molar measure) across conditions. However, local response rate differences
(a molecular measure) appeared between schedule types consistently with the interresponse times these schedules reinforced.
In Experiment 2, these findings reappeared when the prior experiment was replicated with 5 subjects, except that the VR schedule
was replaced by a VI plus linear feedback schedule. These results suggest that within the context tested, the molar factor
of relative reinforcement rate controls preference, whereas the molecular factor of the relation between interresponse times
and reinforcer probability controls the local response rate. 相似文献
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This paper addresses the life and educational experiences of Ainu women, using the framework of postcolonial feminist theory. It explores the extent to which two factors—gender and ethnic minority status—affect young Ainu women as they attempt to enter mainstream society. The authors analyse life history interviews from three Ainu women aged 25. These women face hardships in continuing their education because of unsupportive school atmospheres and family financial difficulties. Ainu women also face discrimination because of gender and ethnicity throughout their lifetimes, especially in employment. The authors suggest anti-discrimination education, more comprehensive policy reforms for indigenous peoples, support for the voices of indigenous women, and continuous advocacy on Ainu issues. Moreover, companies should have monitoring mechanisms to follow up on the gender equality policy, along with regular training programmes on gender and ethnicity. 相似文献
6.
Toshiaki Shirai Hideo Shimomura Tomotsugu Kawasaki Tomoko Adachi Yosuke Wakamatsu 《International Journal for Educational and Vocational Guidance》2013,13(2):95-114
We clarify how individuals actively interact with socio-cultural contexts to attain regular employment in Japan. Based on a large sample (N = 3,512) of part-time employed and unemployed college graduates (23–39 years old), we found that: Career decision making self-efficacy predicted job search; a lack of both hope and fulfillment motivated job search, while having hope promoted it; wishing for perfect vocation and being free from both inclination towards personal interests and passivity motivated job search. Clients’ desire for “a perfect vocation,” should not necessarily be considered as a career barrier but, perhaps, rather as an asset for motivating job search. Counselors should seek to better understand the influence of clients’ socio-cultural contexts on their career attitudes. 相似文献
7.
Advances in GPR-based landmine automatic detection 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
As an application of mechatronics, this paper presents the advances in surface-adaptive ground penetrating radar (GPR)-based anti-personnel landmine detection project in Nagoya University. These advances can be summarized in three items: (1) GPR manipulation where a low-pressure-tire vehicle capable of moving inside a mine field, to facilitate machine-based sensing in place of manual sensing, is applied; (2) enhancement of underground landmine suspects’ images through geography adaptive scanning and measurements signal processing of a vector frequency modulated continuous wave (FMCW) GPR; (3) GPR fusion with metal detector (MD) for automatic decision making through experimental-based fuzzy learnt fusion rules. The state-of-art of these advances as well as directions for future research work is to be presented. 相似文献
8.
Takayuki Hayashi 《Research Policy》2003,32(8):1421-1442
Japan has established several R&D programmes since the 1980s aimed at basic and fundamental R&D in response to the criticism of its free-riding on Western basic research. In some of these programmes, the linkages between university, industry and government have been a requirement for formation or selection of projects. In this paper, it is investigated how five Japanese R&D programmes promote inter-sectoral and inter-institutional networks. The result shows that the projects of the Next Generation Programme for pre-competitive research formed few but multiple university-industry-government linkages within each project by designing the complementary relationships among the participants. Linkages between private companies were not much formed except for the projects of the ERATO Programme, in which researchers temporarily leave their own institutes. The funds for more basic research was found to have little effect on the formation of networks within projects but do form the linkages outside the projects. 相似文献
9.
Shinichi Demura Shunsuke Yamaji Takayuki Murooka Masuo Nakai 《Journal of sports sciences》2013,31(8):881-889
Abstract We previously proposed two predictive equations of visceral fat area applicable in a field setting (Demura & Sato, 2007a, 2007b). One uses the fat mass of the trunk measured by bioelectrical impedance as the main predictor (equation 1) and the other uses internal fat mass estimated from several anthropometric variables (equation 2). In this study, we examined the inter- and intra-individual accuracy of estimated values using these equations after 8 weeks of exercise training. Participants were 42 Japanese adults aged 42.7 ± 10.3 years (22 males, 20 females). Visceral fat area, body composition, and blood biochemistry were measured at baseline and after 8 weeks. There were no significant differences in reference visceral fat area measured by computed tomography and visceral fat area predicted by the equations either at baseline or after 8 weeks, and the values were highly consistent (equation 1: baseline R 2 = 0.829, after R 2 = 0.860; equation 2: baseline R 2 = 0.832; after R 2 = 0.850). No significant relationship was observed between the reference and change in visceral fat area for equation 1 (males: r = 0.272, P > 0.05; females: r = 0.428, P > 0.05), but there was a significant relationship for females with equation 2 (males: r = 0.279, P > 0.05; females: r = 0.474, P <0.05). Our findings indicate that these equations have high inter-individual consistency but low intra-individual consistency with the reference and are of limited use for the longitudinal evaluation of visceral fat area. 相似文献
10.
Mako Fukano Takayuki Inami Kento Nakagawa Takaya Narita Shigeo Iso 《European Journal of Sport Science》2018,18(10):1338-1345
Prolonged running results in lowering of the foot arch and a low arch is associated with subsequent chronic injuries. Foot posture alteration and recovery following a marathon run remain unknown. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate foot posture alteration following a full marathon run. The three-dimensional foot posture data of 11 collegiate runners were obtained using an optical foot scanner system before, and immediately, 1 day, 3 days, and 8 days after a full marathon. The navicular height and arch height ratio significantly decreased from before to immediately, 1 day, 3 days, and 8 days after the marathon (navicular height: before, 44.2?±?5.0?mm; immediately after, 39.4?±?5.5?mm; 1 day, 37.7?±?6.2?mm; 3 days, 38.7?±?5.5?mm; 8 days, 37.6?±?5.7?mm; arch height ratio: before, 18.4?±?1.9; immediately after, 16.5?±?2.5; 1 day, 15.7?±?2.5; 3 days, 16.2?±?2.6; 8 days, 15.6?±?2.2, P?, respectively). By contrast, the dorsal height significantly increased from before and immediately after to 1 day after the marathon, and then significantly decreased until 8 days after the marathon (P?). These results indicate that the recovery patterns of the dorsal and navicular heights following a marathon did not coincide; the dorsal height rose temporally at 1 day after and subsequently decreased, but the navicular height decreased throughout the 8-day period after the marathon. More than one week may be necessary for sufficient foot alignment recovery from marathon-induced changes. 相似文献