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Tore Kristian Aune Arve Vorland Pedersen Rolf Petter Ingvaldsen Terje Dalen 《Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research》2017,61(3):369-375
The relative age effect (RAE) refers to that children born early in their year of birth show higher performance compared to children born late in the same cohort. The present study evaluated whether RAE exists within non-competitive physical education (PE) attainments, change in RAE magnitude with age, and possible gender differences. The results show a drop in PE attainment and a difference in number of high and low marks between the first and second half-year. Of the pupils who attained the highest mark, 73% were born in the first 6 months. In lower-secondary school, RAEs were larger in girls compared with boys. A possible explanation for the results is that the PE-teachers might be inspired by product-oriented criteria. 相似文献
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Tore Lindbekk 《Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research》2013,57(2):129-149
The paper studies the educational reforms and expansions (comprehensivization) of Sweden and Norway after 1900 and their effects upon the populations’ general attainment levels and the distributions of attainments according to gender, class, cultural origin and geographical background. The Norwegian developments were much more uneven than the Swedish. It is shown that the great changes in attainment levels and attainment distributions in Norway during the most recent period were caused partly by the lower secondary education reforms around 1970. However, the Norwegian reform of the upper secondary school was largely ineffectual. 相似文献
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Terje Dalen Rolf Petter Ingvaldsen Truls Valland Roaas Arve Vorland Pedersen Ingebrigt Steen Tore Kristian Aune 《European Journal of Sport Science》2017,17(4):482-487
Physical education (PE) is perhaps the school subject most likely to produce relative age effects (RAE). Like in sports, physical maturity gives students an advantage in PE, which might well be mistaken for superior ability. The aim of the present study is to investigate the extent to which physical growth, measured as height, and RAE reflect the assessment in Norwegian PE. Furthermore, we wanted to examine whether there is any gender differences in the assessment in PE as a function of physical growth and RAE. The participants (n?=?2978) were pupils in the last three years of secondary school (13–16 years old). A custom-made questionnaire was designed to collect the necessary data. The correlations between height and mark in PE for boys in 8th, 9th, and 10th grades are respectively r?=?0.14, r?=?0.32, and r?=?0.29. For girls, the correlations are r?=?0.11, r?=?0.33, and r?=?0.21. All correlations are significant (p?<?.05). The number of pupils achieving top marks was 114 in the first half of the year, whereas it was 65 in the second half of the year. The present study showed that physical growth has an impact on the pupils’ PE attainment. The physical growth is of course also mediated by the pupils’ age. RAEs were found in PE attainments also in the Norwegian school system for both genders, despite all the intentions expressed in the PE curriculum. 相似文献
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Abstract This study considers a model of a TV oligopoly where TV channels transmit advertising and viewers dislike such commercials. It is shown that advertisers make a lower profit the larger the number of TV channels. If TV channels are sufficiently close substitutes, there will be underprovision of advertising relative to social optimum. This study also finds that the more viewers dislike ads, the more likely it is that welfare is increasing in the number of advertising-financed TV channels. A publicly owned TV channel can partly correct market distortions, in some cases, by having a larger amount of advertising than private TV channels. It may even have advertising in cases where advertising is wasteful per se. 相似文献
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The general purpose of this article is threefold. Firstly, it is to further the notion of coaching as orchestration through developing insight into precisely how and what coaches orchestrate. Secondly, it is to firmly position coaching as a relational practice, whilst thirdly it is to better define coaching’s complex nature and how it can be somewhat ordered. Following an introduction where the purpose and value of the article are outlined, we present the reflective method of critical companionship through which we explored and addressed the aforementioned purposes. The case for the quiddity, or the ‘just whatness’ (i.e. the inherent nature or essence) of coaching as involving complex, relational acts which can be somewhat explained through recourse to the developing theory of orchestration is subsequently made. In doing so, two precise examples of how we as coaches orchestrate sporting practice are presented. The article concludes with both a summary of the principal argument(s) made, and some reflective considerations for future directions. 相似文献
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Christian Thue Bjørndal Lars Tore Ronglan Svein S. Andersen 《Sport, Education and Society》2017,22(7):864-877
Structured talent identification and development, it has been argued, is one of the foundations of international sporting success and many modern elite sport systems have applied normative talent development (TD) models. The success of Norwegian handball, however, is based on an alternative approach to TD. Norwegian handball is characterized by a heterarchical organizational structure in which several key actors function highly autonomously. The aim of this article is three-fold: (a) to describe the organization of TD in Norwegian handball, (b) to identify how the inherent organizational characteristics of Norwegian handball have influenced the TD processes used and (c) to discuss if contemporary TD models provide an adequate conceptualization of the model used in Norwegian handball. This case study includes three units of analysis: (i) the overall organizational structure of Norwegian handball, (ii) the characteristics of the key actors involved and (iii) the inter-communication and collaborations of the key actors. The data sources were (a) documents and (b) interviews with 11 key informants. The informants were selected strategically to represent experienced coaches and professionals from multiple organizational units. The National Handball Federation uses a broad-based model for TD: 23% of male handball players and 15% of female handball players from the age of 13–17 years participate in regional-level initiatives in addition to practising daily in community-based volunteer sport clubs and sport schools. Findings reveal that the broad base of TD initiatives creates multiple access points to the talent pipeline for adolescents. However, because the heterarchical structure involves many actors, the unintended consequences are often related to (im)properly managing training and competition loads. There is a need therefore for well-developed coordination mechanisms and good communication between the key actors involved. 相似文献
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本文旨在阐述以瑞典民众高中和学习协会为独特形式的瑞典非正规成人教育中远程教育的特征。依据瑞典民众高中和学习协会的办学哲学思想,“会议式学习”是建构式学习的基石,特别是当学习的目的不是为了应付考试而进行信息复制时,更是如此。当学生需要进行分析和批判性地讨论时,他们需要组织小组会议以取得对论题的深刻理解。“会议式学习”这一独特特征在瑞典民众高中和学习协会中的实践已有一个世纪之久。现在,这种在修课学员之间组织小组面对面会议又在现代远程教育中再现,以创造一个更灵活的学习环境,促进深层次学习和提供更好的学生支持服务。瑞典民众高中的教师和学习圈的圈长越来越意识到,在现代化的信息技术的辅助下,创造远程的更好的学习条件是可能的。他们还认识到,创建一个学员们可以聚会、互相学习并相互给予更好支持的虚拟网上论坛也是可能的。而且,实践结果越来越清楚地显示出:远程学习并不只是第二等的选择,与面对面的会议相比,两者各具优点。 相似文献