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Median based smoothing algorithms have received considerable attention in the last few years. Their properties make them sometimes superior to linear smoothers. In this paper we develop an expression for the bivariate distribution of a median- smoothed Markov chain and we illustrate one application of it by comparing the power spectra of the input and the output of a median smoother when the input is binary valued. 相似文献
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Federico Mayor 《Higher Education in Europe》1989,14(1):5-15
In this article, the author who is the present Director‐General of Unesco, gives both an overview of the development of links between culture and higher education in Europe and suggestions for the continued expansion of these links. Universities are called upon to assume major roles in the Plan of Action of the World Decade for Cultural Development (1988‐1997) and in other Unesco activities, in Europe as well as world‐wide. For the university has a role to play not only in preserving that which is best in European culture but in furthering cultural innovation and cultural dialogue in Europe itself and between Europe and other regions of the world. The university is equally well‐suited to bridge the gap between the technical and the humanistic cultures, humanizing the one while making the other more rigorous, as well as the gap between popular and academic culture. In fulfilling its role, world‐wide, as preserver, transmitter, synthesizer, and innovator in the realm of culture, the universities will contribute greatly to the accomplishment of the universal mission of Unesco. 相似文献
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Maurizio Fanchini Carlo Castagna Aaron J. Coutts Federico Schena Alan McCall Franco M. Impellizzeri 《Journal of sports sciences》2014,32(20):1950-1957
AbstractThe aim of this study was to compare the reliability, internal responsiveness and interchangeability of the Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test level 1 (YY1), level 2 (YY2) and submaximal YY1 (YY1-sub). Twenty-four young soccer players (age 17 ± 1 years; height 177 ± 7 cm; body mass 68 ± 6 kg) completed each test five times within pre- and in-season; distances covered and heart rates (HRs) were measured. Reliability was expressed as typical error of measurement (TEM) and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Internal responsiveness was determined as effect size (ES) and signal-to-noise ratio (ESTEM). Interchangeability was determined with correlation between training-induced changes. The TEM and ICC for distances in the YY1 and YY2 and for HR in YY1-sub were 7.3% and 0.78, 7.1% and 0.93 and 2.2% and 0.78, respectively. The ESs and ESTEMs were 0.9 and 1.9 for YY1, 0.4 and 1.2 for YY2 and ?0.3 and ?0.3 for YY1-sub. Correlations between YY1 vs. YY2 and YY1-sub were 0.56 to 0.84 and ?0.36 to ?0.81, respectively. Correlations between change scores in YY1 vs. YY2 were 0.29 and ?0.21 vs. YY1-sub. Peak HR was higher in YY1 vs. YY2. The YY1 and YY2 showed similar reliability; however, they were not interchangeable. The YY1 was more responsive to training compared to YY2 and YY1-sub. 相似文献
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Wouter P.C. BoonAuthor Vitae Ellen H.M. Moors Author VitaeStefan Kuhlmann Author Vitae Ruud E.H.M. Smits Author Vitae 《Research Policy》2011,40(2):242-252
User involvement is assumed to be beneficial to innovation processes. Intermediary user organisations contribute to articulating societal demands for innovations. However, the learning processes inside these organisations are still not understood well. Therefore, this paper empirically investigates intermediaries using an event history approach. It yields characteristic learning mechanisms, e.g. concerning the management of expectations or actively building a case. If intermediaries overcome challenges regarding positioning, representation and the level of proactivity, they can play a precarious role in demand articulation in the context of new technologies. 相似文献