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We analyse the evolution of the slope (critical speed) and the y-intercept (anaerobic distance capacity) of the linear distance-time relationship over a century of Olympic running performances. The distance-time relationship of each Olympic Games (1920-2004) was plotted using the performances in the 800-, 1500- and 5000-m track events. Values for critical speed and anaerobic distance capacity were determined by linear modelling. Mean performances for the 800, 1500 and 5000 m were 104.9 +/- 1.5 s (1.4%), 217.2 +/- 2.8 s (1.3%) and 808.9 +/- 18.4 s (2.3%), respectively. Critical speed improved during the first three-quarters of the twentieth century to reach a plateau in 1984. This is in accordance with the literature (Peronnet & Thibault, 1989) and suggests that "human aerobic endurance" has improved within the century (+13.4%) and tends to stabilize. Anaerobic distance capacity was highly variable over the century (coefficient of variation = 9.4%) and did not show a linear improvement over the years as has previously been suggested (Peronnet & Thibault, 1989). This could be due to an artefact in the application of the two-parameter model to only three Olympic performances. A limitation to the use of this linear mathematical model to fit physiological data may have been demonstrated. 相似文献
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Perception of kinematic characteristics of tennis strokes for anticipating stroke type and direction
The purpose of this study was to determine the sources of visual information used by highly skilled tennis players in anticipating their opponent's shots. In Experiment 1, motion analysis of the strokes showed that the relative motion between the racquet and forearm was different between the ground strokes and lobs, but there were no reliable kinematic differences when shot direction was varied. In Experiment 2, 12 skilled tennis players observed the opponent hitting strokes in a normal video or in a point-light display with different segments occluded. Players' anticipation accuracy was not degraded by the use of the point-light display. Occluding the racquet and forearm significantly reduced the participant's ability to determine the type of stroke produced. 相似文献
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每年春季,比利时各地的鸽友都在抱怨一种疾病,一般称其为鸽腺病毒病。这究竟是种什么疾病呢?有些科研人员把这种疾病规为圆环病毒 (circovirus),一种极少有人知道的病毒。为了使问题更明确一些,我们把这问题转告了吉恩·皮埃尔·杜夏尔(Jean Pierre Duchatel),他在列日大学兽医系工作。需告诉大家的是,吉恩·皮埃尔·杜夏尔先生也是位鸽友,而且自1974年以来就是鸟类医学系的成员,一直与文德夫格教授(Vindevogel)共事。他们一起深入研究感染鸽子的各类病毒,并为Fort Dodge公司研制了多种疫苗,如 Colombovac PMV(副粘病毒疫苗),Colombovac Pox (鸽痘病毒)和Colombovac Paratyphus (副伤寒病毒)。目前,杜夏尔先生正负责一项由FCI(国际赛鸽联合总会)出资扶植的研究项目,研究可传染给信鸽的圆环病毒。 相似文献
7.
美国运动员米斯蒂·海曼在悉尼奥运会女子200m蝶泳比赛中击败了该项世界纪录保持者澳大利亚苏珊 ?奥尼尔,爆出了2000年一大新闻。米斯蒂的成功,首先在于确立训练目标:增强肌肉力量,改善身体组成成份。虽然,那时她的体魄已经非常健康、匀称了,体内只有16%的脂肪,但计划要她降到12%。教练员探索她发展肌肉的突破口,为她制订了符合饮食习惯的各组食谱。训练中,主要做带有力量性、平衡性、多关节的和全身的练习,如:下蹲,静力举重,大步行进中的扩胸等练习,以增大肺活量。教练员还为她设计了提高肩后部和上背部的力量、提高腰腹部的力量和改善四头… 相似文献
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VibriosisisacommonandseriousdiseasecausedbybacterialspeciesofthegenusVibrioinalargenumberofmarinefishes.Thediseaseischaracterisedbygeneralsepticaemia,superficialskinlesionsandextensivehaemorrhages[1].Upuntilaround1980,VibrioanguillarumwastheonlyVibriospecieswhichhadbeenshowntobethecausativeagentofvibriosis.However,recentstudieshaverevealedthatseveralotherVibriospeciessuchasV.alginolyticus,V.ordalli,V.damsela,andV.salmonicchwerealsoPOtentialfishpathogens.V.alginolyticus,V.porahaemolyticusa… 相似文献
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The relationship between peak height velocity and physical performance in youth soccer players 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Philippaerts RM Vaeyens R Janssens M Van Renterghem B Matthys D Craen R Bourgois J Vrijens J Beunen G Malina RM 《Journal of sports sciences》2006,24(3):221-230
Longitudinal changes in height, weight and physical performance were studied in 33 Flemish male youth soccer players from the Ghent Youth Soccer Project. The players' ages at the start of the study ranged from 10.4 to 13.7 years, with a mean age of 12.2 +/- 0.7 years. Longitudinal changes were studied over a 5 year period. Peak height velocity and peak weight velocity were determined using non-smoothed polynomials. The estimations of peak height velocity, peak weight velocity and age at peak height velocity were 9.7 +/- 1.5 cm x year-1, 8.4 +/- 3.0 kg x year-1 and 13.8 +/- 0.8 years, respectively. Peak weight velocity occurred, on average, at the same age as peak height velocity. Balance, speed of limb movement, trunk strength, upper-body muscular endurance, explosive strength, running speed and agility, cardiorespiratory endurance and anaerobic capacity showed peak development at peak height velocity. A plateau in the velocity curves was observed after peak height velocity for upper-body muscular endurance, explosive strength and running speed. Flexibility exhibited peak development during the tear after peak height velocity. Trainers and coaches should be aware of the individual characteristics of the adolescent growth spurt and the training load should also be individualized at this time. 相似文献