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A large number of extractive summarization techniques have been developed in the past decade, but very few enquiries have been made as to how these differ from each other or what are the factors that actually affect these systems. Such meaningful comparison if available can be used to create a robust ensemble of these approaches, which has the possibility to consistently outperform each individual summarization system. In this work we examine the roles of three principle components of an extractive summarization technique: sentence ranking algorithm, sentence similarity metric and text representation scheme. We show that using a combination of several different sentence similarity measures, rather than only one, significantly improves performance of the resultant meta-system. Even simple ensemble techniques, when used in an informed manner, prove to be very effective in improving the overall performance and consistency of summarization systems. A statistically significant improvement of about 5% to 10% in ROUGE-1 recall was achieved by aggregating various sentence similarity measures. As opposed to this aggregation of several ranking algorithms did not show a significant improvement in ROUGE score, but even in this case the resultant meta-systems were more robust than candidate systems. The results suggest that new extractive summarization techniques should particularly focus on defining a better sentence similarity metric and use multiple sentence similarity scores and ranking algorithms in favour of a particular combination. 相似文献
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Taru Goyal Prasenjit Mitra Preeti Singh Shailja Sharma Praveen Sharma 《Indian journal of clinical biochemistry : IJCB》2021,36(1):100
In spite of the established knowledge regarding their toxicities, occupational exposure to heavy metals like lead and cadmium still continues because of their wide distribution in environment. Due to lack of awareness, most of the workers usually eat, smoke, drink at their workplace which may aggravate the metal exposure. The present study was planned to assess the blood levels of lead and cadmium in occupationally exposed workers of Jodhpur (India). A total of 110 individuals working in different industrial set ups (furniture, metal handicraft, welders) of Jodhpur district (exposed group), aged between 20 and 60 years and 97 apparently healthy people (controls) with no history of occupational heavy metal exposure aged between 25 and 60 were recruited. Details of personal habits and demographics were recorded by means of self-developed questionnaire. 5 ml of whole blood was drawn from every individual. Metal levels were measured by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Statistical analysis was done using GraphPad Prism Software. Results showed that Blood Lead Level and Blood Cadmium Level (CdB) were significantly higher in the exposed group as compared to the non-exposed group. Significant age and gender-based differences were found in terms of blood cadmium levels but no such difference was observed in case of blood lead. The study also revealed that higher blood levels of these metals in workers are influenced by their occupational practices, lack of protection against workplace environment pollutants, thus increasing their susceptibility to metal toxicity. 相似文献
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