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SAM THORBURN 《European Journal of Engineering Education》1992,17(4):333-344
The early development of civil engineering in the United Kingdom stemmed from a base of sound practical skills leavened with an understanding of theoretical knowledge. In the continent of Europe engineering stemmed from a theoretical base enhanced subsequently by practical experience. This emphasis on practical skills continues to influence the education and training of civil engineers in the UK and the author presents the historical background which still dominates the UK approach. A comparison is made of the different approaches to the education of civil engineers in France, Germany and Spain. The author develops the theme that the European Engineer will be a product of the teamwork and cooperation of the European educational establishments with recognition by Industry of the commercial advantages of a flexible European system of education. 相似文献
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ANDREW M. LANE PETER C. TERRY MATTHEW J. STEVENS SAM BARNEY SARAH L. DINSDALE 《Journal of sports sciences》2013,31(10):886-897
Competition at elite level can require athletes to perform optimally in extreme environmental conditions. This review focuses on mood responses in such conditions and proposes practical guidelines for those working with athletes. Different environments are considered, including altitude and extreme heat and cold. Performing in extreme heat, cold or at altitude can produce a stress response characterized by increased negative mood and relatively poor performance. Positive adaptations to extreme conditions can be accelerated, but the rate of adaptation appears to be highly individualized. Monitoring mood responses to training under normal conditions provides a basis for identifying the psychological effects of extreme conditions. It is suggested that practitioners carefully monitor the interplay between vigour, fatigue and depressed mood. Reductions in vigour and increases in fatigue are normal responses to hard training, but other aspects of mood disturbance, especially symptoms of depressed mood - however small - may be indicative of a maladaptive response, and practitioners should consider intervening when such symptoms first appear. 相似文献
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