Evaluer pour mieux comprendre les enfants et ameliorer sa pratique     

Jean-Marie Kraemer 《Educational Studies in Mathematics》2002,51(1-2):95-116

Une grande majorité des écoles primaires néerlandaises utilise le suivi des élèves développé par le Citogroep pour signaler le progrès des élèves entre 6 et 12 ans et gérer leurs apprentissages à partir de données empiriques. Ce suivi fonctionne dans ce sens comme un outil de pilotage de l’enseignement données et de l’amélioration des pratiques d’adaptation dans les classes et au niveau de l’école. Une telle évaluation formative etautorégulatrice centrée sur la gestion de longs processus exige un ensemble complexe de connaissances et d’aptitudes. Cela explique bon nombre de problémes auxquels se heurtent les professeurs dans leur pratique, en particulier dans le cadre du soutien des éléves les plus en retard. Ces problémes nous ont poussés à développer une panoplie d’outils adaptés à leurs besoins ainsi que des activités de formation ’sur le tas’, ancrées dans l’évaluation formative pratiquée à l’école. Nous présentons dans cet article la structure, les principes et les outils de cette gestion de (l’amélioration de) l’enseignement différentié, exposons les problémes structurels qui émergent dans la pratique et développons par-là les idées clés de notre approche expérimentale de formation.. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.  相似文献   

Increase in retention of a taste aversion by weanling rats after a long interval     

Philipp J. Kraemer  Nancy A. Lariviere  Norman E. Spear 《Learning & behavior》1988,16(2):191-194

Weanling rats were tested for retention of an aversion to a novel flavor (chocolate milk) that had been conditioned as a single-element conditioned stimulus (CS) or in compound with a novel ambient odor (banana). The presence of the ambient odor during conditioning had no effect on flavor aversion shortly thereafter, confirming previous results. The flavor aversion observed 21 days after conditioning, however, was significantly stronger for pups conditioned with the single-element CS than for those given the flavor-odor compound as the CS. This retention effect was due to a surprisingincrease in the conditioned aversion observed 21 days after conditioning with the single-element CS. A second experiment confirmed this paradoxical increase in retention of the aversion to chocolate milk. This experiment also verified that no such increase occurred in retention of the conditioned aversion to a different flavor (saccharin), whether the initial aversion was strong or weak. The results may be explained in terms of generalized latent inhibition from consumption of mother’s milk.  相似文献   

Re-referral to child protective services: the influence of child, family, and case characteristics on risk status   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Connell CM  Bergeron N  Katz KH  Saunders L  Tebes JK 《Child abuse & neglect》2007,31(5):573-588

INTRODUCTION: This study examines child, family, and case characteristics that impact rates of re-referral to Child Protective Services (CPS) using data on all closed CPS investigations for the state of Rhode Island between 2001 and 2004. METHOD: A longitudinal dataset of all referrals to CPS was created using state submissions to the National Child Abuse and Neglect Data System (NCANDS). After excluding children whose initial CPS investigation resulted in removal from the home, a Cox proportional hazards model was tested to examine factors impacting the likelihood of re-referral. RESULTS: Consistent with other research in this area, the initial 6-month period following case disposition is the period of greatest risk of re-referral. Approximately 13% of cases experienced a recurrent allegation during the first 6-month period; an additional 14% experienced a re-referral over the following 12-month period; 7% during the next 12-month period. Family poverty was the strongest predictor of re-referral, though a number of child and case characteristics were significantly related to recurrence. Cases that were substantiated at index were significantly less likely to result in a new allegation, though substantiated cases of physical abuse or those receiving post-investigation services were at higher risk. CONCLUSIONS: Children from families facing multiple stressors (e.g., low SES, parental substance abuse child disability) are at highest risk of re-referral to CPS and may benefit from the development of preventive services targeted immediately following case closings within CPS.  相似文献   

The determination of average molecular weights or particle sizes for polydispersed systems     

Elmer O. Kraemer 《Journal of The Franklin Institute》1941

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谜语猜一猜     

WJ 《英语辅导》2017,(1)

考完试啦,大家快来猜猜谜语,放松一下吧,记得叫上小伙伴一起哟。  相似文献   

Environment and Policy Factors Shaping Global E-Commerce Diffusion: A Cross-Country Comparison   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Jennifer Gibbs  Kenneth L. Kraemer  Jason Dedrick 《The Information Society》2003,19(1):5-18

This article examines the key global, environmental and policy factors that act as determinants of e-commerce diffusion. It is based on systematic comparison of case studies from 10 countries--Brazil, China, Denmark, France, Germany, Mexico, Japan, Singapore, Taiwan, and the United States. It finds that B2B e-commerce seems to be driven by global forces, whereas B2C seems to be more of a local phenomenon. A preliminary explanation for this difference is that B2B is driven by global competition and MNCs that "push" e-commerce to their global suppliers, customers, and subsidiaries. This in turn creates pressures on local companies to adopt e-commerce to stay competitive. In contrast, B2C is "pulled" by consumer markets, which are mainly local and therefore divergent. While all consumers desire convenience and low prices, consumer preferences and values, national culture, and distribution systems differ markedly across countries and define differences in local consumer markets. These findings support the transformation perspective about globalization and its impacts. In terms of policy, the case studies suggest that enabling policies such as trade and telecommunications liberalization are likely to have the biggest impact on e-commerce, by making ICT and Internet access more affordable to firms and consumers, and increasing pressure on firms to adopt e-commerce to compete. Specific e-commerce legislation appears not to have as big an impact, although inadequate protection for both buyers and sellers in some countries suggests that mechanisms need to be developed to ensure greater confidence in doing business online.  相似文献   

Is there an ethics of algorithms?     

Felicitas Kraemer  Kees van Overveld  Martin Peterson 《Ethics and Information Technology》2011,13(3):251-260

We argue that some algorithms are value-laden, and that two or more persons who accept different value-judgments may have a rational reason to design such algorithms differently. We exemplify our claim by discussing a set of algorithms used in medical image analysis: In these algorithms it is often necessary to set certain thresholds for whether e.g. a cell should count as diseased or not, and the chosen threshold will partly depend on the software designer’s preference between avoiding false positives and false negatives. This preference ultimately depends on a number of value-judgments. In the last section of the paper we discuss some general principles for dealing with ethical issues in algorithm-design.  相似文献   

马桶座圈——真的是你家里最脏的地方吗?     

Charlotte Pritchard  WJ 《英语辅导》2013,(2):26-29

马桶座圈背负着一个不公平的污名,那就是被认为是一般家庭中最脏的物件。但科学家们称,我们的家里其实有更为污秽的地方,有些地方还是最令人意想不到的。你会在马桶座圈上切菜吗?我想基本上所有人都说不会。但或许我们得重新考虑一下了。  相似文献   

Rob Kling Remembered: The Early Beginnings of Social Analysis of Computing in the URBIS Project     

Kenneth L. Kraemer 《The Information Society》2004,20(2):85-89

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Impacts of Globalization on E-Commerce Use and Firm Performance: A Cross-Country Investigation     

Kenneth L. Kraemer  Jennifer Gibbs  Jason Dedrick 《The Information Society》2005,21(5):323-340

This article develops and tests a model examining the relationship between firm globalization, scope of e-commerce use, and firm performance, using data from a large-scale cross-country survey of firms from three industries. We find that globalization leads to both greater scope of e-commerce use and improved performance, measured as efficiency, coordination, and market impacts. Scope of e-commerce use also leads to greater firm performance of all three types. Globalization has differential effects on B2B and B2C e-commerce, however, such that highly global firms are more likely to do B2B but less likely to do B2C. Our findings provide support for Porter's (1986) thesis that upstream business activities (namely, B2B) are more global while downstream business activities (B2C) are more local or multidomestic.  相似文献