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In three experiments using fixed-interval schedules with a 500-msec delay of reinforcement, rats receiving a localized light signal during the delay leverpressed more slowly than rats trained without the signal. In Experiment 1 these groups showed no differences in temporal patterning of responding, but in the remaining two experiments the signaled rats showed better patterning than the unsignaled rats. In Experiments 2 and 3 rats receiving a diffuse tone signal during the delay instead of a light pressed more rather than less rapidly than the unsignaled group. Their patterning was better than that of the unsignaled rats in one of these experiments. Several explanations for both the attenuation and enhancing effects of signaling reward are discussed. 相似文献
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Noritomo Tasaki 《European Journal of Education》2017,52(2):145-153
The author describes the results of PISA, including those of 2015 and Japan's reaction, as well as their impact. Highly‐ranked in PISA, Japan has always tried to improve its education system. The promotion of reading comprehension remains an important issue and low interest and motivation to learn subjects are crucial problems. The author discusses these questions and reform policies from a Japanese point of view. He explains the latest reform plan which will be implemented in 2020. The Japanese peculiarity in education is referred to in the conclusion. 相似文献
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The transformation to sustainable social systems requires both individual and collective pro-environmental behaviors. In this study, we quantified the impacts of factors that promote or impede collective pro-environmental behaviors around the use of renewable energy. An online questionnaire was completed by Japanese high school and college students, and covariance structure analysis was performed on groups with strong or weak intention to participate in collective behaviors and groups with rich or little experience with community activities. Our results revealed that the belief that a global environmental crisis can be avoided by individual efforts was negatively related to collective behavioral intention. We also found that environmental education that aimed to enhance attachment to community and social norms, would be effective for the youth with weak collective behavioral intention, but not so for youth with strong collective behavioral intention. It would be more effective for youth with strong collective behavioral intention to learn the practical approaches for community participation and raise awareness of the perceived importance of collective pro-environmental behaviors. 相似文献
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Min-Sun Kim Atsushi Oshio Eun Joo Kim Katsuya Tasaki Kenton Bruce Anderson Ayano Yamaguchi 《Communication Research Reports》2019,36(1):14-23
Extant U.S. research shows that when a persuader’s initial message is rebuffed, the next requesting message will tend to be ruder and more aggressive than the initial appeal. The robustness of these results has rarely been tested cross-culturally. Using conversational constraints theory, we further explicate implicit theories by investigating the perceived importance of constraints of re-requesting styles across two cultural-linguistic groups (i.e., Korean and American English speakers). Consistent with the “rebuff phenomenon,” results revealed that people rated the task constraint (“clarity”) as significantly more important, and the three face-related constraints (“concern for the other’s feelings,” “minimizing imposition,” and “avoiding negative evaluation”) as significantly less important for the second-attempt requesting than for the initial requesting. Some of these tendencies were more pronounced among American English speakers than among Korean speakers. 相似文献
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东日本大地震发生后,"海啸来时各自飞(tsunami tendenko)"备受关注,声名鹊起。在日语里,"海啸来时各自飞"意味着"海啸避难时,每个人只顾自己,不等待任何人,即使是自己的骨肉至亲"。在日本东北地区,人们把它作为一个非常重要的避难手段代代相传。在海啸来临之前的短暂时间内迅速避难到海拔高的地方,是唯一有效的延续家族命运的方法。按照通俗的理解,这个词语仅仅强调保护自己的生命。但是,根据关于东日本大地震的调查数据,它还包含以下三层意义:促进他人的避难;构筑信任的基础;缓解生者的愧疚。 相似文献
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