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Deprivation shifts, using conditions analogous to those which produce strong incentive contrast when reward quantity is changed (extended preshift training, short interval from the last preshift trial to the first postshift trial, large preshift differences in deprivation) resulted in contrast of runway speed and choice behavior. In the first experiment, a downshift of hunger during rats’ runway training produced a slow lessening of speed below that of a group trained continually at low hunger. In the second experiment, rats were trained to traverse a runway to one food-containing goalbox when very hungry and to another, distinctively different food-containing goalbox when not very hungry. The rats were next given a series of choice trials between the two goalboxes. There was a brief preference for the high-hunger goalbox, followed by a preference for the low-hunger goalbox. The results of the second experiment suggest that deprivation affects the strength of conditioning of a cue-reinforcer expectancy, while the slow development of contrast in the first experiment indicates that deprivation also affects the development of either habit strength or a response-reinforcer expectancy. 相似文献
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The popularity of business process re-engineering (BPR) and its international diffusion from the United States make it important to understand the influence of cultural factors on this concept. The global economic prominence of the Chinese and their distinctive cultural characteristics prompted our study of Chinese business process re-engineering. This article addresses a large gap in the Chinese management literature and is intended to help those who are managing organizations or marketing information technology (IT) products and related services in Greater China. We systematically compare IT-enabled change in the American and Chinese business cultures. Informal planning and process modelling, highly interdependent social and organizational relationships with ingrained hierarchies, and the prevailing attitudes towards information management and organizational change will shape the preparation for IT-enabled process innovation efforts as well as the design and implementation of IT-enhanced business process models in Chinese organizations. 相似文献
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