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The present research examined the temporal distribution of responding in a lick suppression paradigm. In Experiment 1, rats were trained with either a 30- or a 120-s conditioned stimulus (CS), which was followed either by a footshock (unconditioned
stimulus [US]) or nothing. Licking during the CS was suppressed only in the former condition. Suppression was more pronounced
early in the CS. In Experiment 2, rats were exposed to two 30-s or two 120-s CSs, with delivery of the shock being contingent on CS1 for half of the animals
and on CS2 for the other half. For both the paired and the unpaired conditions, suppression at the beginning of CS1 was observed
for all the groups. By discounting the possibility of generalization between CS1 and CS2, it appears that this initial suppression
was not a conditioned response to the CS, but an unconditioned one due to mere exposure to the shock US. 相似文献
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Jeremie M. Carreau Grégoire Bosselut Stephen D. Ritchie Jean-Philippe Heuzé Scott Arppe 《Journal of Adventure Education & Outdoor Learning》2016,16(3):191-205
This exploratory study was conducted to illuminate aspects relevant to the emergence and evolution of informal roles in a group during a canoe expedition. Following tenets of ethnography, the first author collected observational and interview (conversational and focus group) data while participating as a member of the expedition. Three general dimensions were revealed with regards to emerging and evolving informal roles: context aspects; role occupant aspects; and group member aspects. Informal roles were found to be important structural components which contributed to group productivity and harmony. Findings are discussed in relation to the broader literature while questions are raised regarding how informal roles have been conceptualized. Implications include considering how informal roles relate to individual (e.g. satisfaction) and group (e.g. cohesion) level constructs and how outdoor leaders may benefit from understanding how informal roles emerge and evolve. 相似文献
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Three experiments tested human participants on a two-dimensional, computer, landmark-based search task to assess the integration
of independently acquired spatial and temporal relationships. Experiment 1 showed that A-B spatial training followed by B-outcome
spatial training resulted in spatial integration in such a way that A was effectively associated with the outcome. Experiment
2 showed that A-B spatial and temporal training followed by B-outcome spatial and temporal training resulted in integration
that created both spatial and temporal relationships between A and the outcome. Experiment 3 refuted an alternative explanation,
one that is based on decision-making speed, to the temporal-integration strategy that was suggested by Experiment 2. These
results replicate in humans the observations regarding spatial integration made by Sawa, Leising, and Blaisdell (2005) using
a spatial-search task with pigeons, and they extend those observations to temporal integration. 相似文献
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