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Developmental Changes in Executive Functioning 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Although early studies of executive functioning in children supported Miyake et al.'s (2000) three‐factor model, more recent findings supported a variety of undifferentiated or two‐factor structures. Using a cohort‐sequential design, this study examined whether there were age‐related differences in the structure of executive functioning among 6‐ to 15‐year‐olds (N = 688). Children were tested annually on tasks designed to measure updating and working memory, inhibition, and switch efficiency. There was substantial task‐based variation in developmental patterns on the various tasks. Confirmatory factor analyses and tests for longitudinal factorial invariance showed that data from the 5‐ to 13‐year‐olds conformed to a two‐factor structure. For the 15‐year‐olds, a well‐separated three‐factor structure was found. 相似文献
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In trial-unique delayed matching-to-sample the animal must (1) remember the item given as the sample, and (2) subsequently distinguish it from a second item to make a match. With rather short delays, even very well trained monkeys continue to make errors on this task. The question is whether these errors arise as a consequence of poor memory per se, or whether inadequate memory makes the sample difficult to distinguish from the alternative. This question was examined using pairs of items presented on multiple occasions. The role of sample was systematically interchanged between the items forming a pair. Errors were found to be well correlated between trials in which the same item served as sample, but essentially uncorrelated when those trials were compared with trials having the other item as the sample. For example, if A and B were paired items, results of trials in which A was selected as the sample were well correlated with other trials using A as the sample (run on other days); however, trials using A as the sample were uncorrelated with trials using B as the sample, even though the comparison pair (A and B presented together) was identical. These results suggest that the monkeys’ errors are not dependent on the distinguishability of the comparison pair, despite a “faded” memory on which to base the distinction. 相似文献
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Ringo Ma 《Communication quarterly》2013,61(4):376-391
Current literature suggests that, as a form of communication, rumor is a story or statement circulated without confirmation. Rumors emerge under conditions marked by a combination of uncertainty, involvement, anxiety, and credulity, and may circulate by word-of-mouth or various media. The SARS- and war-related rumors in China in 2003 have stimulated new thoughts to the existing theories of rumor. The spread of the rumors was due to a unique combination of Chinese culture and society, the media environment in China, and conditions conducive to generating rumors. New media played a significant role in disseminating information with high efficiency and facilitating free flow of information. 相似文献
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