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Supporting Programming and Learning-to-Program with an Integrated CAD and Scaffolding Workbench* 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Mark Guzdial Luke Hohmann Michael Konneman Christopher Walton Elliot Soloway 《Interactive Learning Environments》2013,21(1-2):143-179
Programming is a complex cognitive task for students, because of the difficulty of finding the appropriate elements (the “decomposition” problem) and integrating them correctly into a whole (the “composition” problem). Programming is also hard to learn, because so much of the thinking behind a program is implicit and the process of programming is long and complicated. Our approach is to integrate a computer-aided design tool (CAD) with scaffolding to create a single, cohesive, and coherent workbench for the entire process. Our workbench is called the GPCeditor. We have evaluated its use by high-school students. Our results suggest that students program well in the GPCeditor, they learn good programming practices, and that the learning is occurring through use of the GPCeditor. 相似文献
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Andreas Hohmann 《体育科研》2016,(1):1-19,34
在原有的运动训练学的背景下,我们在此处描述的对运动训练质的研究设计肯定会被看作是在以自然科学中的量为主导的学科中的一个例外,我们的研究目的在于获得对青少年训练对象的理解。站在教练员的立场,与此项研究相关的方面是错综复杂的,换句话说,此项研究的重点不是研究者的视角,更多的是被研究者的立场观点。本项目的研究内容是青少年训练过程中运动员主观条件的重要性,研究重点是探讨无法进行标准化研究的知识所适用的研究形式。调研几乎涵盖了儿童及青少年训练阶段的全部时间节点,采取了部分标准化、主线鲜明的采访形式,使得调研目的得以完美实现：实事求是地凸显出青少年竞技类运动项目训练体系的内在特征,并且可以对这些特征的合理程度在各种运动项目的对照下进行比较分析。与量化研究方法相比,成功青少年训练的主体概念项目强调了质性研究方法的特征,其采用的调查分析方法体现了探索特性,重建或建设性的特性和形成理论的特性。然而在调查结论中得出了一个成功青少年教练主观理论的逻辑,完全颠覆了针对调研中心思想预先规定的主题结构,有必要通过实验进行更多以客观认知与调查分析为基础的干预性研究,以澄清青少年训练中一些尚不明确的细节问题。此外,在研究成功的青少年训练时,如不考虑教育学、心理学、社会学等方面的因素,我们无法单单从训练科学的角度出发就能足够系统化地分析儿童和青少年在“日常理论”中的训练过程。 相似文献
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Andrew G. Campbell Rachel Skvirsky Henry Wortis Sheila Thomas Ichiro Kawachi Christine Hohmann 《CBE life sciences education》2014,13(4):587-592
This paper summarizes the outcomes of a retreat designed to cultivate interactions between trainees at various training levels and provide them opportunities to share their training perspectives and expectations. Retreat outcomes are used to support the development of better science, technology, engineering, and mathematics training practices by informing the trainers’ perspective. 相似文献
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Several talent-screening programs conducted within elementary schools have implemented motor diagnostics to introduce children to groups of sports including both game and specific sports, the latter of which includes gymnastics, skiing, and tennis. However, as in most other sports, the predictive value for soccer regarding such early testing is unclear. This prospective cohort study evaluated the mid-term prognostic validity of general motor tests as well as a soccer-specific score calculated from a test battery. The sample consisted of N?=?2965 U9 age group of children from the Fulda Movement Check (FMC). The FMC is a basic check comprised of two anthropometric parameters and eight general items of the German Motor Test 6–18 by Boes and Schlenker with the addition of a ball throw. The test data were collected from the second grade classes of 2011–2014. The soccer competition performance of those children who chose soccer (n?=?316) up to the end of the season 2016/17 (September 30, 2017) was recorded. This group of U12–U15 players was then assigned individually to four different competition levels. The prognostic validity of the motor tests was determined using analysis of variance, odds ratios, and a discriminant analysis. All diagnostic methods exhibited medium to high prognostic validity over the 2? to 6?year time span from the talent screening and talent orientation period to the later soccer competitions in the early adolescent U12–U15 age groups. The prognostic relevance of the nine general motor tests was confirmed. 相似文献
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In the 3/2015 edition of the journal Sportwissenschaft (Sport science), Hottenrott and Braumann name many problems, which in their opinion are the reasons for the current tense situation in German elite sport. This article is thought of as the reaction, with which comments, contradictions and underlining of the individual problems from the perspective of the authors are undertaken: but extending beyond Hottenrott and Braumann, statements are also made on the benchmarks of a future research promotion system for German elite sport. These are derived as far as possible from the conceptional requirements of such a system. The final section is programmatically entitled “Critique/problems and sequelae/requirements” and aims to give a constructive opinion on the current discussion about a reform of elite sport in Germany. 相似文献
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Nele Schlapkohl Tanja Hohmann Andre Arnold Philipp B. Philippen Markus Raab 《Sportwissenschaft》2010,40(2):103-109
Among other things instructions serve the purpose of directing the recipient’s attentional focus. Several studies have demonstrated the advantage of an attentional focus away from one’s body (external) and towards the effect of the movement over an attentional focus on the movement itself (internal). In contrast, other studies have shown that the advantage of an external focus cannot be generalized. The present study utilized a golf putting task to investigate the effectiveness of an internal versus an external focus. Furthermore, the present study investigated whether participants complied with the instructions with the respective focus during the learning phase. Moreover, in addition to the performance on the putting task the movement execution was also examined. The results showed that the internal as well as the external group switched between the internal and external focus and additionally modified a neutral focus. There was no correlation between hitting performance and movement variability, but a correlation between the neutral focus and the movement variability was found. The results challenge empirical analysis and the results of research about attentional focus. 相似文献
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Andreas Hohmann 《体育科研》2019,(4):1-9
足球是世界第一运动,在德国拥有广泛的群众基础,那么如何有效地对足球运动员进行科学合理的筛选就成为了一项重要的课题。本文由德国拜罗伊特大学体育系运动训练科学小组完成,目的是为了揭示足球人才在一般运动测试中所表现的中期预后有效性以及从实验结果计算出的足球特定表现分数。在此之前已经对包括体操、滑雪和网球在内的几项人才筛选计划实施了运动诊断分析。然而,与大多数其他运动相比,足球运动对这种早期测试的预测价值尚不清楚。测试对象由参与德国富尔达地区运动表现能力测试（FMC）的U9二年级儿童组成（N=2 965）。FMC是一个对测试者基础运动表现能力的筛查,由两个人体测量学特征参数和德国运动能力表现测试（GMT6-18）的8个测试项目组成,并增加了一个投掷球测试。测试数据来自2011-2014年在德国富尔达地区参与测试的所有儿童,并记录了至2016-2017赛季结束时（2017年9月30日）选择足球（N=316）的儿童的足球比赛表现水平。然后依据比赛表现水平的高低将球员分别分配到4个不同的表现级别中,并使用ANOVA,比值比和判别分析法确定运动测试的预后有效性,并将测试结果与测试儿童在U12~U15年龄段所表现出的足球运动表现水平进行分析,最终得出9项基础运动测试的预后相关性。 相似文献