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Do preadolescent sport self-concepts influence subsequent sport performance? Longitudinal data (Grades 3, 4, and 6) for young boys and girls (N= 1,135; mean age = 9.67) were used to test reciprocal effects model (REM) predictions that sport self-concept is both a cause and a consequence of sport accomplishments. Controlling prior sport performance (performance-based measures and teacher assessments), prior sport self-concept had positive effects on subsequent sport performance in both Grade 4 and Grade 6 and for both boys and girls. Coupled with previous REM studies of adolescents in the academic domain, this first test for preadolescents in the sport domain supports the generalizability of REM predictions over gender, self-concept domain, preadolescent ages, and the transition from primary to secondary school. 相似文献
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Since their beginnings pre-election polls have been under attackfrom politicians and journalists. One of the most fundamentalcriticisms of polls is that they can influence the outcome ofelections. This article investigates news media reporting ofpoll results and comments on public opinion research beforeFederal elections in Germany. It presents empirical findingsfor the quantity as well as the formal and substantial qualityof this press coverage. The database is a content analysis of443 pre-election poll articles published in Germany's leadingdailies Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung (FAZ), Frankfurter Rundschau(FR), Süddeutsche Zeitung (SZ), and Die Welt (Welt) between1980 and 1994. The quantity of news media reporting of publicopinion polls has improved over the years. Now, poll storiesare a standard feature of German newspapers. The frequency ofreports depends on the conditions of each election—e.g.on the expected closeness of the election outcome. The formalquality could be better—that is the conformity to AAPORstandards. Horse-race journalism isn't found as often as inthe USA. Journalists often use poll results to predict an electionoutcome. Moreover, the analysis revealed an ambivalent relationshipbetween liberal journalists and polls, while the reporting ofconservative journalists is more in favor of opinion research. 相似文献
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Does the parliamentary behavior of members of parliament, parliamentaryparties, and government correspond with the public's preferencesregarding political issues? What conditions support the emergenceof congruence between public opinion and public policy? Thesequestions are central concerns of democratic theory. In thispaper, they are investigated empirically for the activitiesin the federal German legislature, the German Bundestag, between1949 and 1990. For this purpose, 94 time series of public opinionpolls have been combined with content analysis of more than3, 000 parliamentary documents (e.g. parliamentary questions,committe reports). If public opinion about a policy matter changes,approximately 60 percent of the respective parliamentary actionsare congruent with the direction of opinion change. The congruencebetween public opinion and public policy is greatest for opinionchanges in a conservative direction when the political statusquo is supported. Even more important than the direction ofopinion change is the public's majority opinion at the timeof parliamentary action. 相似文献
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The limited findings on student perceptions of class climate in physical education (PE) classes can be attributed to the lack of a suitable measuring instrument. In an effort to overcome this research desideratum, this study aims to construct and develop a questionnaire measuring the students’ perceptions of class climate in PE classes. Therefore, findings from general class climate research (e.g. Saldern & Litig, 1987) are linked with qualitative findings of students’ perceptions in PE classes (Miethling & Krieger, 2004). The questionnaire was answered by 1,135 students from grades eight through ten attending a German secondary school (Gymnasium). A principal component analysis (PCA) with orthogonal rotation (varimax) gives an eight-component solution including 40 items. Regarding the PCA, class climate can be measured by two components pertaining solely to teachers, three components describing the teacher-student relationship and three components describing the student-student relationship. The criterion-related validity is satisfactory at the class level; 57% of variance of the criterion enjoyment in PE class can be explained. Deeper analyses show noticeable class climate characteristics in individual schools. Finally, further developments of the questionnaire and perspectives regarding school climate and academic culture research are discussed. 相似文献
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This article provides an overview of the current status in the field of empirical research on professionalism and professionalization of physical education (PE) teachers. It aims to examine the thesis on the “misery” of the PE teacher profession. Therefore, different research approaches from the educational science field are taken into consideration. This might allow finding explanations for the postulated deficits in the professionalization of PE teachers. First, three different perspectives are introduced, including sociology of the profession, subject culture, and occupational biography. In a second step, professionalization of PE teachers is structured and modelled in alignment with longitudinal studies in the education science field. Based on this model, research findings and research desiderata on PE teachers professionalization are shown. This approach allows a differentiated view on the topic. 相似文献
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This article deals with the biographical developments in the professional life of physical education (school) teachers. Starting with a summary of the changes concerning demands in this professional field, a thesis of productive insecurity ("produktive Unsicherheit") in the developing processes is formulated. Hence this assumption is discussed by means of cross-sectional and longitudinal studies of attitudes and the empiricism model of professional development (Miethling 2011) in this field. Especially the issue of normality is discussed in the following. Development–theoretical ("life span development" research) and cultural–theoretical presumptions (concerning normalism) are used in this matter. Thereby, the preliminary thesis is specifically augmented and modified. 相似文献
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