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The focus of this study is on the role of basic skills (defined as the summed results of national achievement test scores in Swedish and mathematics) in boys’ social developmental process. With reference to a holistic model for individual functioning and development, the aim of the investigation was obtained by studying the relationships between basic skilb and early problematic behaviour at the age of 10, on the one hand, and later social maladjustment, manifest in the presence in official registers for alcohol problems, crime and psychiatric disorders, on the other. Based on data concerning basic skills and six teacher‐rated behaviours (aggressive behaviour, motor restlessness, shyness, disharmony, concentration difficulties, and overambi‐tion), boys with similar profiles across the seven factors were grouped together using cluster analysis. Six clusters were deemed an optimal solution. Register data for alcohol problems, crime and psychiatric diagnoses were available with no attrition. For each of the clusters, the percentage of boys who appeared in any of the records was reported. The results strongly corroborate holistic assumptions that low levels of basic skills at an early age per se is not a precursor of later maladjustment. Even when occurring in conjunction with shyness, the results did not point to an increased risk of negative social development. It is only when low basic skill levels form clusters along with other problematic behaviours that the risk increases. This, is most obvious when low basic skills is present in profiles which are also characterised by aggressiveness, motor restlessness, disharmony and concentration difficulties. Among the boys belonging to the most ‘problematic cluster’ at age 10, no less than 90% were found in at least one of the civic records through young adulthood. 相似文献
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Intra‐individual variability of cognitive measures, such as verbal and spatial ability tests, has frequently been reported to typify learning disabled children. To test the generality of such findings, longitudinal data from a large representative and non‐clinical sample of Swedish children (n = 812) were analysed. At age 10, the children were tested with a Swedish intelligence scale. At age 13, basic academic skills were measured by standardised achievement tests. Typical cognitive profile types, based on the verbal and spatial intelligence subtests, were identified through cluster analyses (CLUSTAN) of the girl and boy samples separately. The satisfactory solution arrived at was a five‐cluster representation for the girls (n = 497) and an eight‐cluster representation for the boys (n = 497). For both sexes, verbally as well as spatially oriented profiles emerged. However, the verbal orientation was more pronounced for girls, whereas the boys displayed greater variability and stronger spatial orientation. General intelligence at age 10 was a strong predictor for basic skills at age 13 (r > 0.70). Verbally strong children tended to achieve better than predicted by their overall level of intelligence, whereas spatially oriented children showed a less favourable development in basic academic skills. The results are discussed in relation to neuropsychologically‐based models of reading disability and theories of language and development. 相似文献
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Several advanced methods have been developed to aid managers in the selection of which new product ideas they should develop. By examining some empirical studies it is shown that only very simple quantitative methods (if any) are used.This situation is discussed by considering some specific properties of the new product development process, some results from empirical studies concerning how firms actually behave when selecting new products and some recent studies concerning implementation of quantitative methods in general (mainly in contexts other than R & D).Finally some suggestions are made concerning how implementation of R & D models can be facilitated. 相似文献
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Opening up firms to open source has changed professional programmers’ work in software development. In their work practice they must cope with two modes of software production: one based on proprietary, closed work situations, the other built around open source community ways of cooperation and knowledge sharing. In this article we present a study of how programmers cope with the co-existence of an industrial/commercial and a community/commons based mode of production. We analyze how they develop strategies to handle tensions that arise from contradictions between these two modes, and how it changes programmers’ approach towards open source software development in the company. The study covers proprietary companies that have gradually incorporated open source software (hybrid companies) and SMEs entirely built around open source business concepts (pure-play companies). Four strategies are elaborated and discussed in-depth: Engineering in the lab, Market driven tailoring, Developing the community consortium and Peer-production. At a more general level, the study contributes to our understanding of how the transformation of proprietary production processes into a more open mode of knowledge work is not only associated with company strategies, but also with tensions and new demands on how work is strategically handled by knowledge workers. 相似文献
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