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This research investigated the effects of employing fixed, variable, and extended token exchange periods for backups on the completion and quality of daily assignments of a total fifth- and sixth-grade class. The results indicated a higher percentage of assignments was completed when the number of days between point exchanges was variable, and that performance was maintained when the number of school days between point exchanges was gradually increased. The overall accuracy on assignments was high, but varying, and did not appear to be under the systematic control of the experimental procedures. Data for all pupils indicated that there were individual differences as to the effects of the various token (point) exchange procedures. Pupils with inconsistent assignment completion during Fixed Exchange Conditions (Fixed Period (FP-I, -II, -III) increased their assignment completion during the Variable Token Exchange Procedures (Variable Period (VP)-I, -II, -III). Thus, the variable sequencing of the number of days should be an important consideration in any effort to maintain the positive effects of token-reinforcement systems within classroom settings. 相似文献
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T.F. McLaughlin 《Contemporary educational psychology》1981,6(1):76-79
The effects of individual and group contingencies on the reading performance of 10 special education students were examined in a counterbalanced multiple-baseline design with experimental manipulations introduced at random. During the Baseline condition no consequences for accuracy in programmed reading were in effect. With the Group Contingency, pupils earned points based on accuracy and exchanged them for activity backup reinforcers based on the average performance of the group. During the Individual Contingency arrangement, the same point totals were awarded by yoking pupils to the group behavioral criteria. The results indicated superior accuracy (from 2 to 25%) with the Group Contingency by all 10 pupils. Student preferences as to the two contingency arrangements indicated a slight preference for the Group Contingency phase. A lack of negative peer comments was noted over the duration of the experiment. Results were also discussed in terms of ease of implementation of the group contingencies within an ongoing token economy in a classroom setting. Tentative reasons for the differing results of the present study and others were presented. 相似文献
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黄国平 《南通职业大学学报》2005,19(4):49-51
针对手机的普及使用这一事实，利用WAP手机上网原理，设计并实现了WAP手机学生信息查询系统；可使学生在上网不方便时，通过手机查询及时了解相关信息。 相似文献
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T.F. McLaughlin 《Contemporary educational psychology》1984,9(2):185-192
The purpose of the present experiment was to compare the effects of providing backup reinforcers for accurate self-recording on both attending and academic output. Twelve behaviorally disordered special education students were randomly placed in one of three groups: self-recording (N = 4); self-recording + backups (N = 4), and a control group (N = 4). The outcomes revealed significantly different performance for on-task behavior and assignment completion. On-task and academic responding was significantly higher for both the self-recording and self-recording + backups groups when compared to a control group. Additional comparisons indicated that the performance of the two groups who self-monitored were not statistically different for either measure. Maintenance of treatment effects was higher for two groups (self-recording and self-recording + backups) than for the control group. These differential outcomes were discussed in terms of (a) accuracy of self-recording, (b) nature of the dependent variables employed, (c) ceiling effects, and (d) possible vicarious effects. The advantages of using self-recording with and without consequences were noted. 相似文献
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徐乾 《连云港职业技术学院学报》2006,19(4):20-22
神话作为文化的基因,反映了一种文化的基本价值观.“女娲补天“这则神话从一个侧面赞扬了女性吃苦耐劳,智慧顽强的伟大精神以及女性在社会构建中的地位和作用.根据弗莱和荣格等提出的“神话--原型批评“理论,可以看出“女娲补天“这则神话对老子“自然无为“、“贵柔“、“守慈“等思想的影响.而作为构建中国人精神文化家园的老子思想又深深地影响到中国人对女性的态度以及女性在社会中的地位.在提倡和谐社会的今天,要想在真正意义上提高女性的地位,还依赖女性提高其自身素质,广泛地参加社会建设. 相似文献
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归档后的网络信息资源是国家数字档案的重要组成部分。网页归档与保存的研究主要涉及网页的档案属性、网页归档方式的确定、网络信息资源的长期保存方法等诸多问题。本文对中外网页归档典型项目进行了分析。 相似文献
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To evaluate the performance of newly designed electro-pneumatic valves （EPVs） for the air-powered engine （APE） and study laws of parameters affecting them, a simulation model was established based on the thermodynamics and mechanics theories. Experiments were set up to determine the instantaneous effective orifice area of solenoid valve by the constant volume discharge method. The simulation model was also validated by comparing the measured displacement curve with the simulated displacement curve of the valve in the pressure of 0.16 and 0.49 MPa. Simulation and experimental results showed that maximum working frequency of the designed EPV could reach 30 Hz corresponding to 2000 r/min of engine rotating speed. Based on simulation results, impacts of temperature and pressure of control air on delay time, full opening/closing time and seating velocity of EPV were analyzed. The simulation model could also act as EPV simulation prototype in designing the air exchange control system of APE. 相似文献
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The effects of daily teacher instructions to “work hard” for the on-task behavior of two special education students during a math period were examined in a multiple-baseline design. The results indicated that teacher instructions could increase such behavior. Generalization to work output (the rate of correct math problems) was observed. Follow-up data revealed that the effects of the instructional procedure were of lasting duration. It was suggested that instructions could be an effective, inexpensive, easy to implement, and socially acceptable classroom intervention procedure. 相似文献
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从历史、考古、语言、宗教、地名以及口碑资料等许多方面进行了论证,对于"昆仑"作为一种文化现象进行研究。本文认为,作为民族群体名称,"昆仑"是我国孟高棉语族佤族、布朗族、德昂族、克木人在古代文献中的一种称谓,因这些民族古老而浓厚的公鸡崇拜而产生;作为国名,它是历史上他们建立的一个古国;作为山名,是今天云南省西部的高黎贡山。 相似文献